Chapters 11,13,22

Question 1

issues with keeping small population size

Answer 1

low genetic diversity, inbreeding depression, population fragmentation, loss of gene flow

Question 2

factors that cause loss of genetic diversity

Answer 2

genetic drift, founder effect, bottleneck

Question 3

genetic drift

Answer 3

chance events cause alleles to change from one generation to next (nothing to do with fitness)

Question 4

why is genetic drift more likely in small populations

Answer 4

alleles more likely to disappear

Question 5

founder effect

Answer 5

individuals start in big population, disperse to new area, establish new small population

Question 6

bottleneck effect

Answer 6

random individuals survive, so their alleles are the only ones left to pass on; can lead to harmful alleles becoming fixed

Question 7

what does low genetic diversity limit

Answer 7

less variation in traits in population, population less likely to adapt to changing environment

Question 8

inbreeding

Answer 8

individuals of common ancestry mate; more likely in small populations

Question 9

inbreeding depression

Answer 9

greater probability of deleterious recessive alleles appearing in homogenous form - harmful alleles more likely

Question 10

negative phenotypes of inbreeding depression

Answer 10

decrease in offspring size, growth, fecundity, physical deformities

Question 11

what are small populations at greater risk for

Answer 11

extinction

Question 12

what happens during habitat loss and fragmentation

Answer 12

area decreases, average patch size decreases, edge habitat increases, patch isolation increases

Question 13

why do larger fragments have larger populations

Answer 13

more resources: space to move, find food

Question 14

fragment isolation

Answer 14

how far away fragments are from each other

Question 15

why do fragments closer to each other have higher populations than more isolated fragments

Answer 15

closer = less distance for dispersal (immigration/emigration)
easier to travel to

Question 16

fragment edge

Answer 16

amount of area on edge of patch

Question 17

edge areas have high or low quality habitat

Answer 17

low quality for species adapted to patch environment

Question 18

how does amount of edge affect carrying capacity

Answer 18

more edge - lower carrying capacity

Question 19

habitat fragmentation consequences

Answer 19

smaller area, more edge, more isolation, leading to smaller populations

Question 20

habitat fragmentation can lead to what effects

Answer 20

genetic drift, bottleneck effect, founder effect

Question 21

local extinction

Answer 21

population loss within a fragment

Question 22

subpopulations

Answer 22

species population divided into smaller populations

Question 23

matrix

Answer 23

unsuitable habitat surrounding suitable habitat

Question 24

dispersal between patches depend on

Answer 24

distance between patches, degree of unsuitableness of matrix, how far and fast an organism moves

Question 25

metapopulation

Answer 25

subpopulations of a species in isolated habitat patches

Question 26

what causes metapopulation

Answer 26

infrequent dispersal between patches of same species

Question 27

what does subpopulations fluctuate asynchronously mean

Answer 27

subpopulation sizes change independent of each other; change at different times, change at different rates

Question 28

subpopulation influence

Answer 28

colonization from other subpopulations

Question 29

characteristics of basic metapopulation dynamics model

Answer 29

assumes habitat patches equal quality some patches occupied some not patch populations can go extinct, and can be recolonized from another patch persist if colonizations exceed or balance with extinctions

Question 30

how meta populations increase or persist

Answer 30

``` increase colonization (manage matrix) decrease extinction ( increase patch quality) ```

Question 31

smaller patches usually lower quality causing

Answer 31

higher extinction rates, lower colonization rates

Question 32

distant patches are low quality bc

Answer 32

colonization is harder

Question 33

source sink metatpopulation model characteristics

Answer 33

varied quality of patches high quality patches are sources of dispersal low quality patches are sinks - receive dispersal rescue effect

Question 34

rescue effect

Answer 34

sink patch receive colonization - preventing extinction in patch

Question 35

conservation implication in source sink metapopulatoin model

Answer 35

focus on conserving sources, not sinks

Question 36

landscape metapopulation model characteristics

Answer 36

patches and matrix vary in quality | matrix dispersal difficulty varies

Question 37

landscape metapopulation model implication

Answer 37

converse matrix to make dispersal easier/more likely

Question 38

types of metapopulations

Answer 38

basic, source-sink, landscape

Question 39

Types of genetic drift

Answer 39

Founder effect and bottleneck effect