Chapter 16 Flashcards
(24 cards)
competition
use of defense or resource by individual that reduces availability of a resource to another individual
resource
anything an organism consumes/uses that causes an increase in the growth rate of a population when it becomes more available
plant resources
nutrient, sunlight, water
animal resources
space, food, water
intra specific
within a species
inter specific
between different species
why aren’t pH, salinity, and temperature resources even though they affect growth rates
they can’t be used up
interference competition
direct interactions between competitors over shared resources
interference competition examples
barnacles who grow faster smash slower growing species. therefore get preferred resources
exploitative competition
individuals compete indirectly through mutual effects on shared resources
exploitative competition examples
one species grows faster or eats faster, taking all resources before another species can
apparent competition
two species have a negative impact on each other through a common enemy
intensity of competition relates to
how limited resources are
competition exclusion principle
two species cannot coexist indefinitely when they are limited by the same resource
how can species coexist with competitors and limited resources?
- compete for multiple resources
- environmental variation for multiple resources
- different environmental tolerances
- trade offs between competition ability and stress tolerance
competition for multiple resources
each species better at competing for a different resource
low levels - better competitor wins, intermediate levels - coexist
environmental variation for multiple resources
each species needs different amounts of different resources, different parts of environment better for different species
heterogeneity of resources
environment has variety of resources
example of environment variation of resources
one plant needs little light and a lot of nitrogen
other plant needs lots of light and little nitrogen
coexist well together
2 bedstraw species: coexist in regular soil, one does better in acidic, other does better in alkaline, but both can grow independently in each
fundamental niche: both can live in acidic and alkaline soil
realized niche: one is better in one soil or the other when there’s competition/stress
competitive ability and stress tolerance trade off
one species is a better competition and the other is a better stress tolerator - coexist by one having greater fitness when competing and other greater fitness in stress environment
stress types
abiotic conditions,disturbance, predation/herbivory
how can an increase in one population cause a decrease in another
one population competes better than another in specific environment
how does character displacement show evidence for competition
characteristic of one population makes it better at competing in a specific environment
