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Chemistry R120 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of gases?

A

nonmetals | simple molecular formulas | low masses | expand spontaneously to fill the volume of a container | highly compressible | form homogenous mixtures

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2
Q

What allows for the existence of the characteristics that gases have?

A

because the gas molecules are far apart

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3
Q

What are vapors?

A

substances that exists as solids and liquids under ordinary conditions and can exist in the gaseous state

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4
Q

What is pressure?

A

the force gas molecules exert on the walls of the container (outward push against walls)

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5
Q

What is the equation for pressure?

A

P = Force / Area of container

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6
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

force atmosphere exerts on a given surface area

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7
Q

What is the equation for force?

A

F = ma

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8
Q

What is the value of acceleration?

A

9.8 m/s^2

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9
Q

Who is Blaise Pascal?

A

French scientist who studied pressure

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10
Q

What is the unit of 1 Pascal (Pa)?

A

N/m^2

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11
Q

How many Pascals is 1 bar?

A

10^5 Pa

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12
Q

What is a barometer?

A

a 760 mm long tube filled with mercury = the height of Hg is a measure of atmospheric pressure and changes as the atmospheric pressure changes

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13
Q

Who invented the barometer?

A

Evangelista Torricelli

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14
Q

What is standard atmospheric pressure?

A

corresponds to the typical pressure at sea level

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15
Q

What is the unit for atmospheric pressure?

A

1 atm

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16
Q

How many mmHg = torr = Pa = kPa = bar is 1 atm?

A

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 1.01325*10^5 Pa = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar

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17
Q

What are the 4 variables needed to define the state of a gas?

A

temperature (T) | pressure (P) | volume (V) | amount of gas in moles (n)

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18
Q

What does Boyle’s Volume-Pressure relationship state?

A

volume (V) inversely proportional to pressure (P) @ constant T and n

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19
Q

What does Jacques Charles’ Volume-Temperature relationship state?

A

volume(V) directly proportional to temperature(T)

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20
Q

who is William Thomson?

A

aka: Lord Kelvin = Kelvin scale

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21
Q

What was Guy-Lussac’s law of combining volumes?

A

pressure(P) and temperature(T) are directly proportional

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22
Q

What does Avogadro’s Law state?

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A

volume(V) of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles (n) of the gas at constant T and P

23
Q

What was Avogadro’s hypothesis?

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A

equal volumes of gases at the same temperature contain equal numbers of molecules

24
Q

What is an ideal gas?

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A

hypothetical gas whose pressure, volume, and temperature relationships are described completely by the ideal-gas equation

25
What is the ideal gas law?
PV = nRT
26
What is the gas constant and its value?
R = 0.08206 L.atm/mol.K
27
What are 2 assumptions made when deriving the ideal-gas equation?
ideal gas molecules don't interact with one another | combined volume of the molecules is smaller than the container volume
28
What does STP stand for?
standard temperature and standard pressure
29
What are the conditions for STP?
P = 1 atm | T = 273 K (0 degC)
30
What is molar volume?
volume occupied by 1 mol of ideal gas at STP
31
What is the value of the molar volume?
22.41
32
What is Dalton's law of partial pressures?
total pressure of a gas mixture = the sum of the pressures that each would exert alone
33
What is partial pressure?
pressure exerted by a gas in a gas mixture
34
What is mole fractions?
dimensionless number | expresses the ratio of the #moles of a gas in a gas mixture to the total #moles of the mixture
35
What is the kinetic molecular theory of gases?
model that depicts what happens to gas particles when conditions (temp, pressure, or volume) change
36
Who developed the kinetic molecular theory of gases?
Rudolf Clausius
37
What are the 5 things that summarize the theory of moving molecules?
random motion | negligible molecular volume | negligible forces | constant average kinetic energy | average kinetic energy proportional to temp(T)
38
What is random motion?
gases consist of large numbers of particles that are in continuous random motion
39
What is negligible molecular volume?
combined volume of all gas particles is negligible relative to the container that holds these gases
40
Why are forces negligible in the theory of moving molecules?
attractive and repulsive forces between particles are negligible
41
What is constant average kinetic energy?
energy can be transferred between particles during collisions as long as temp(T) is constant
42
What is the average kinetic energy proportional to temperature?
avg KE of the particles is proportional to the absolute temp = @given T = particles of all gases have the same avg KE
43
What is most probable speed µ(mp)?
molecular speed measured by the largest total of particles
44
What is root-mean-squared speed µ(rms)?
speed of a particle whose KE is equal to the avg. (mean) KE of all gas particles
45
What is average (mean) speed µ(av)?
the average (mean) speed of all particles
46
What are the 2 applications of the kinetic molecular theory to the Gas Laws?
Boyle's Law (V and P are inverse) at constant T = constant KE = constant µ(rms) | Guy-Lussac's Law (T and P are direct) at constant V = increase KE = increase µ(rms)
47
What is effusion of gas particles?
escape of gas particles through a tiny hole
48
What is diffusion of gas particles?
spread of gas A throughout gas B or space
49
What is Graham's Law of Effusion?
effusion rate of a gas is inversely proportional to the sqrt of its molar masses
50
Who developed Graham's Law?
Thomas Graham
51
What is mean free path?
average distance traveled by a molecule in between collisions
52
What is a short mean free path?
high pressure = crowded space
53
What is a long mean free path?
low pressure = empty space
54
What does van der Waals equation state?
takes into account the attraction of gas particles to each other and the finite volume

Chemistry R120 (18 decks)

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