Chapter 7

Question 1

What are periods in the Periodic Table?

Answer 1

horizontal (left to right)

Question 2

What are groups in the Periodic Table?

Answer 2

verticle (up and down)

Question 3

What are valence orbitals?

Answer 3

occupied orbitals that hold valence electrons | elements in the same column/group have same #valence electrons

Question 4

Who is Dmitri Mendeleev?

Answer 4

used chemcial properties to organize the table

Question 5

Who arranged the elements based on weight?

Answer 5

Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer

Question 6

Who is Henry Mosely?

Answer 6

developed the concept of atomic number after Rutherford’s discovery of the nuclear atom

Question 7

What is periodicity?

Answer 7

repetitive pattern of a property for elements based on atomic number

Question 8

What is effective nuclear charge?

Answer 8

net positive charge experienced by an electron in an atom

Question 9

What is the effective nuclear charge (Zeff) not the full nuclear charge?

Answer 9

the core (inner shell) electrons shield the valence (outer shell) electron from nucleus = valence e- experiences forces from core e- repulsion and nucleus attraction

Question 10

What is the periodic TREND for effective nuclear charge?

Answer 10

increases left–>right | slight increases down a group

Question 11

What are van der Waals radius?

Answer 11

nonbonding radius | half the shortest distance separating 2 nuclei during a collision between atoms

Question 12

what is a bonding atomic radius?

Answer 12

half the distance between 2 bonded atoms

Question 13

What is the periodic TREND for atomic size?

Answer 13

increases right –> left (opposite of Zeff) | increases down a group

Question 14

What are ionic radii?

Answer 14

determined by the interatomic distances in ionic compounds

Question 15

What are the 3 things ionic size depends on?

Answer 15

nuclear charge | #electrons | orbitals in which electrons are in

Question 16

What is the size of cations compared to their parent atom?

Answer 16

SMALLER than parent atom

Question 17

What is the size of anions compared to their parent atom?

Answer 17

LARGER than parent atom (more electrons = increase repulsion = bigger e- cloud)

Question 18

What is the isoelectric series?

Answer 18

ions have the same number of electrons

Question 19

What are the 5 ions that all have 10 electrons?

Answer 19

O2- | F- | Na+ | Mg2+ | Al3+

Question 20

What is ionizing energy?

Answer 20

minimum energy required to remove an electron of a gaseous atom/ion from ground state

Question 21

What is the first ionization energy?

Answer 21

to remove the 1st electron

Question 22

What is the second ionization energy?

Answer 22

to remove the 2nd electron

Question 23

What is the relationship between removing an electron and the ionization energy?

Answer 23

higher ionization energy = more difficult to remove electron

Question 24

What is the periodic TREND for the 1st ionization energy (I1)?

Answer 24

increases left –>right | increases up a group | s/p > d > f

Question 25

What are the 3 factors that affect ionization energy?

Answer 25

atomic size (smaller = higher I) | Zeff | avg. nucleus -electron distance

Question 26

What are the 2 situations when the trend for ionization energy doesn't apply?

Answer 26

when the added valence e- in the next element: enters a new higher energy state | is first e- pair in one box (orbital) of a sublevel (degenerate orbitals)

Question 27

What is the electron configuration for cations?

Answer 27

lost from the highest energy level (n)

Question 28

What is the electron configuration for anions?

Answer 28

filled up to ns2 np6

Question 29

What is electron affinity?

Answer 29

energy change accompanying the electron addition to a gas atom

Question 30

What is the difference between ionization energy and electron affinity?

Answer 30

both measure energy change: | IE = when atom LOSES an electron ; EA = when atom GAINS an electron

Question 31

What is the general period TREND for electron affinity?

Answer 31

increases left --> right

Question 32

What are the 3 exceptions to the periodic trend for electron affinity?

Answer 32

Group 2A = s-orbital full = X- unstable = decrease EA | Group 8A = p-orbital full = X- unstable = decrease EA | Group 5A = p-orbital partially full = can add e- = slight decrease EA

Question 33

What are the 7 properties of metals?

Answer 33

abundant in nature | form cations | shiny luster | conduct heat/electricity | malleable/ductile | solids @RT (not Hg) | low IE

Question 34

What are the 2 properties of metals in chemical reactions?

Answer 34

metal oxides = basic | metal+nonmetal = ionic compound

Question 35

What are the 6 properties of nonmetals?

Answer 35

Right side of table | form anions | dull/brittle solids | can be in any form (g, l, s) | large negative electronegativity | poor conductors

Question 36

What are the 2 properties of nonmentals in chemical reactions?

Answer 36

nonmetal oxides = acidic | nonmetal+nonmetal = molecular compound

Question 37

What are metalloids?

Answer 37

have a mix characteristics of some metal and nonmetal properties

Question 38

What is a characteristic of metalloids?

Answer 38

electrical semi-conductors

Question 39

What are the 6 metalloids?

Answer 39

B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te

Question 40

What is the Group 1A metals called?

Answer 40

alkali metals

Question 41

What are the 6 characteristics/properties of alkali metals?

Answer 41

soft/metallic solids | only found as compounds in nature | metallic properties | LOW melting points/densities | low IE | exothermic when react with H2O

Question 42

What are the Group 2A metals called?

Answer 42

alkaline earth metals

Question 43

What are the 3 characteristics of alkaline earth metals?

Answer 43

higher melting points/densities than Group 1A | slightly higher IE than Group 1A | increase reactivity down the group

Question 44

What is the periodic TREND for Group 6A?

Answer 44

increase metallic character down the group

Question 45

What is the periodic TREND for Group 7A

Answer 45

high EA all around

Question 46

What is Group 7A called? What is its characteristic?

Answer 46

halogens | reacts readily with metals = halides

Question 47

What is Group 8A called? What are its 4 characteristics?

Answer 47

noble gases | highest EA | unreactive | found as monoatomic gases | LARGE IE