Chapter 10 - Gender and Sex Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
Gender
A
- Set of cultural constructs describing characteristics related to femininity, masculinity, women, men, and gender diverse individuals, and social norms related to these characteristics
- Psychological experience of femaleness or maleness
2
Q
Biological sex
A
- Refers to biological femaleness, maleness, or intersex
3
Q
Gender identity
A
- The internal experience of femaleness, maleness, neither, or other genders
4
Q
Gender role
A
- The set of social and behavioural norms that are considered socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex in the context of a specific culture
5
Q
Phenotype
A
- Outward appearance or expression of a set of physical and behavioural traits, determined by genotype and environment
6
Q
Genotype
A
- Genetic constitution of an organism, determined by genetic components inherited from the organism’s parents
7
Q
Chromosomal sex
A
- Sex determined by the combination of sex chromosomes
8
Q
Gonadal sex
A
- Sex determined by the presence of gonads such as ovaries and testicles
9
Q
Hormonal sex
A
- Sex determined by levels of estrogens and androgens
10
Q
Heterosexism
A
- Default/what is seen as “normal”
- Assumes that homosexuality is abnormal and needs to be explained by pathology
- Prerequisite for homophobia
11
Q
Homophobia
A
- Discriminating/negative attitudes towards homosexuals
12
Q
Androgyny
A
- A person with male and female characteristics
13
Q
Gynophilc
A
- People who like women
14
Q
Androphilia
A
- People who like men
15
Q
Who introduced the notion of gender
A
- John Money in 1960s
16
Q
What does the SRY gene do
A
- The gene prompts the creation of a Y chromosome instead of a second X chromosome to make a male instead of a female
17
Q
What are the four determinants of biological sex
A
- Chromosomes - determine the gonads
- The gonads - produces the hormones
- The hormones - how we react creates our phenotype
- The phenotype - what our bodies look like
18
Q
The evolutionary psychology of gender differences
A
- Gender differences come from evolutionary processes that are meant to maximize reproductive fitness
- Suggests that since women are able to produce a limited amount of children, a woman’s sexual behaviour will be more conservative, with a lower sex drive and fewer partners and the opposite is true for men
19
Q
Social learning theory on gender
A
- Sex differences derive from what is learned from observing the sexual behaviours of others
- The learning environment includes not only humans but the media
- Some research found that woman were more susceptible to sexual stereotyping because they were more responsive to cultural influences
20
Q
Social structural theory on gender
A
- Gender differences from unequal power divisions between genders
- Men use privilege and power to sexually objectify and dehumanize women
- Women focus on acquiring mates with long term resources which women can’t really acquire on their own
21
Q
Janet Hyde’s 2005 theory
A
- Gender similarities hypothesis
- Males and females are more similar than different on all but a few variables, which include certain aspects of sexuality
- Men shower greater:
- Masturbation
- Porn use
- Casual sex behaviours
- Permissive attitudes towards casual sex
22
Q
Women and their sexual orientation
A
- Less likely to report being exclusively attracted to same sex
- More likely to identify as bi than men
- Women with more opposite sex partners are more likely to report same-sex behaviour
- Bi and gay women have more fluid sense of sexual identity
23
Q
Patterns of sexual response
A
- Women and men differ in response to sexual stimuli in two main ways
- Specificity of sexual arousal
- Sexual concordance
24
Q
Specificity of sexual arousal
A
- How specific of the things you are aroused by
- Ex: Just the penis
25
Hermaphrodites
- Very rare in humans
- Have both male and female reproductive organs
25
Sexual concordance
- Saying/Showing what we find arousing
- Ex: Saying something arouses you and having an erection because of it
26
Intersex
- Individuals whose phenotype did not match a typical male or female patter
27
Turner's Syndrome (X0)
- Affects 1 in 2500 females
- Missing the second X in the XX makeup
- These women tend to be short, have underdeveloped breasts, have low sex drive, and are infertile
- Most identify as female and intersex
28
Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY)
- Affects 1 in 500 to 1000 males
- Often undiagnosed until puberty
- May show breast development, small testes, shorter than average penises, low testosterone
- Many will not identify as male and may seek to gender transition (may be because they have the XX)
29
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplaisa CAH
- Exposed, before birth, to high levels of androgens produced by the adrenal gland
- Cause varying degrees of virilization (developing male characteristics) in female genitals
- Condition may be diagnosed at puberty as they go through puberty differently
- CAH girls and boys may exhibit different interest or behaviour than their peers
30
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
- Individuals have an XY karyotype but develop a female phenotype
- Mutations in the androgen - receptor genes precent the body tissue from masculinizing to some degree
- Complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS) have female genitals and identify as heterosexual
- Women don't typically know they have this until they have issues with fertility
31
5-Alpha-reductase deficiency (5-ARD)
- Rare, but cases clustered in regions such as the Dominican Republic
- Enzyme deficiency means external genitals at birth are female
- At puberty, however, testosterone levels cause the testes to descend and masculinize the external genitals
- At this point, most 5-ARD individuals assume a male identity
- Basically they have testes that drop at puberty
32
David Reimer
- Young child had his penis irreversibly damager in a circumcision accident
- They decided to take away his penis and raise him as a girl
- He later transitioned back to male and has lived a happy life since
33
34
What factors shape a child's sense of gender identity and gender roles
- May be related to gender and socialization and operant conditioning
- Evidence from women with CAH suggest that androgen is related to preferring boy's toys
- Studies where boys and girls are dressed the same girls were labeled as more emotional when playing with the boys
- Monkeys choose gendered toys that engender action or nurturance
35
Gender variation in gay and lesbian women
- They recall a gender nonconforming childhood
36
Gender variation in childhood and adolescence
- Children may also insist they are the other sex and their transgender identity usually continues into adolescence and adulthood
37
What does Kenneth Zucker argue
- Gender dysphoric children should be encouraged to accept their birth sex and thus avoid later medical procedures, such as sex-reassignment surgery
38
Trans Identities
- Trans people may express that they are trapped in the wrong body
- They feel that their gender identity is opposite to their biological gender
- Individuals whose gender identification and self-presentation does not conform to gender categories are gender queer
- The majority of transmen have sexual attraction to their biological sex and typically hid the development of their bodies in adolescences
- Transwomen fall into two main groups: starts in childhood or starts in puberty
39
Autogynephilia
- The sensation of sexual arousal from the thought of being a woman
40
Stages of transitioning
1. Psychological and physical evaluation
2. The real life experience involves living as the target gender for at least one year
3. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
4. Sex-reassignment surgery
41
Post-Surgery Outcomes
- Majority of transsexual people report being satisfied with their surgery and have an improved quality of after transitioning
42
Diversities of sexual development (DSDs)
- A group of conditions in which the reproductive organs and/or genitals develop differently from what is expected
43
Cloacal extrophy
- A rare developmental variation in which the abdominal organs are exposed and the genitals develop abnormally
44
Virilization
- The biological development of sex differences, specifically changes that make a male body different from a female body
45
Gender socialization
- The learning behaviour and attitudes considered appropriate for a given gender role
