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AEB 122 > Chapter 10(muscular And Skeletal Systems) > Flashcards

Chapter 10(muscular And Skeletal Systems) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic unit of muscles?

A

Myofibril

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2
Q

Each thick myofilament contains

A

several hundred molecules of the protein myosin

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3
Q

Thin filaments contain

A

two strands of the protein actin

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4
Q

The myofibrils are composed of

A

regularly arranged myofilaments of two types, thick and thin.

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5
Q

The energy for muscular motion is generated by

A

densely packed mitochondria that surround the myofibrils.

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6
Q

Muscles can be divided into three main groups according to their structure, namely:

A

Smooth muscle tissue.
Skeletal muscle tissue.
Cardiac (heart) muscle tissue.

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7
Q

The smooth muscle tissues are made up

A

Thin, elongated, and spindle-shaped with pointed ends cells

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8
Q

The nucleus of the smooth muscle tissue is:

A

Single, large, and oval-shaped nucleus per cell

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9
Q

Smooth muscular tissue posses specialized cytoplasm called

A

sarcoplasm

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10
Q

Smooth muscular tissue are surrounded by a thin cell membrane called the

A

sarcolemma.

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11
Q

Why are the called smooth muscle

A

They are not arranged in a definite striped (striated) pattern, as in skeletal
muscles

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12
Q

____ muscle is not controlled by the brain

A

Smooth muscles

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13
Q

Where are smooth muscles located?

A

They layers in the walls of various hollow organs and blood vessels.

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14
Q

Functions of Smooth Muscle Tissue

A
  1. peristalsis is used for slow, involuntary movement to aid digestion
  2. controls blood pressure and flow by adjusting the diameter of the vessels.
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15
Q

What is the most abundant tissue in the vertebrate body?

A

Skeletal muscle

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16
Q

Why is it called skeletal muscles?

A

These muscles are attached to and bring about the movement of the various bones of the skeleton

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17
Q

Skeletal muscles are enclosed in a connective tissue sheath called

A

epimysium.

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18
Q

Smaller bundles of muscle fibers within the muscle are called?

A

Fasciculi

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19
Q

What is are muscle fibers

A

These are elongated , cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei (syncytium).

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20
Q

muscle fibre is made up of many smaller units, called?

A

the myofibrils

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21
Q

What are Actin filaments:

A

These filaments are Thinner, make up the light bands (I-bands)

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22
Q

What are Myosin filaments?

A

These filament are Thicker, make up the dark band (A-band).

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23
Q

What is a Sarcomere?

A

This is the Basic unit of contraction, composed of actin and myosin filaments arranged in a specific pattern.

24
Q

Each myofibril consists of small protein filaments, known as

A

actin and myosin filaments.

25
Q

What happens during cell contraction?

A

Sliding of actin filaments into the spaces between myosin filaments within sarcomeres.

26
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A
  1. bring about the co-ordinated movements
  2. breathing process.
27
Q

_____ is a unique tissue found only in the walls of the heart.

A

Cardiac muscle

28
Q

What are the characteristics of a cardiac muscle ?

A

Shorter fibers, less distinct striations, thinner sarcolemma, single central nucleus per fiber, interconnected by “muscle bridges”.

29
Q

Characteristics of Skeletal muscle:

A

Longer fibers, prominent striations, thicker sarcolemma, multiple nuclei distributed throughout the fiber.

30
Q

What are the characteristics of a Smooth muscle?

A

No striations, single nucleus, elongated spindle-shaped cells.

31
Q

_____ muscle have numerous nucleus per cell

A

Cardiac and skeletal muscles

32
Q

What are the Functions of Cardiac (Heart) Muscle
Tissue

A
  1. Responsible for the heartbeat
  2. Propels blood
33
Q

Which type of muscle posses muscle bridge

A

Cardiac muscle

34
Q

What is an hydrostatic skeleton?

A

Fluid-filled cavities, providing internal pressure for movement and shape support (e.g., sea anemone, worms).

35
Q

movement is a result of

A

contraction of muscles.

36
Q

The sea anemone has one set of longitudinal muscles in the ____of the body, and a layer of circular muscles in ____ of the body.

A
  1. The outer layer
  2. The inner layer
37
Q

What are Exoskeletons?

A

These are hard segments that cover the muscles and visceral organs.

38
Q

Muscles for movement are attach to what part of the exoskeleton?

A

inner surface of the exoskeleton.

39
Q

What skeleton restrict the growth of the animal?

A

Exoskeletons

40
Q

cartilage and bone are types of what tissues?

A

Connective tissues

41
Q

Function of the musculoskeletal system

A
  1. allowing the animal to move to more favourable external conditions.
  2. helps regulate blood calcium levels, serve as a calcium sink.
  3. Generating internal heat
42
Q

bones fused together with some “soft spots” in infants that close by.

A

14-20 months

43
Q

The Vertebral Column is Made up of

A

33 vertebrae separated by flexible cartilage disks that can deteriorate with age and cause back pain.

44
Q

sternum and ribs (except the lowest pair) with cartilage for?

A

flexibility during breathing.

45
Q

What are Immovable Joints?

A

Bones are tightly interlocked with no movement possible

46
Q

Function of immovable joints

A

Provides strong structural support and protects vital organs.

47
Q

What are Partly Movable Joints?

A

Allow some limited movement due to cartilage between bones.

48
Q

Function of partly moveable joints

A

for spinal movement

49
Q

Synovial Joints:

A

Most common type, offer the greatest degree of flexibility with smooth, lubricated surfaces

50
Q

Function of Cartilage caps:

A

Protect bone ends at the joint.

51
Q

Function of Synovial fluid:

A

Lubricates the joint, reducing friction and wear.

52
Q

Function of Ligaments:

A

Strengthen and stabilize the joint.

53
Q

Function of Tendons:

A

Connect muscles to bones for movement.

54
Q

Function of Bursae:

A

Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction between bones and surrounding tissues.

55
Q

Function of synovial joint

A

Enables wide range of motion for various activities like walking, running, and manipulating objects.

56
Q

The knee joint contains how many joints)

A

13 bursae

AEB 122 (13 decks)

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