Chapter 13(Alimentary System)

Question 1

What are Microphagous feeders?

Answer 1

These animals ingest small particles

Question 2

What are Macrophagous feeders?

Answer 2

These animals consume larger food particles

Question 3

What are Microphagous feeders?

Question 4

What are Liquid feeders?

Answer 4

These animals primarily consume liquids or dissolved substances

Question 5

What filter small food particles suspended in the water.?

Answer 5

Suspension feeders

Question 6

What consume particles settled on the bottom (detritus) of aquatic environments?

Answer 6

Deposit feeders

Question 7

_____ type of feeder is also called detrivores

Answer 7

Deposit feeders

Question 8

Microphagous feeders that collect deposit food materials are called ___

Answer 8

indirect deposit feeders

Question 9

______ select particles from the surface of the sediments.

Answer 9

Amphitrite, a sessile tube-dwelling polychaete,

Question 10

Digestion is the opposite of

Answer 10

condensation,

Question 11

What is digestion?

Answer 11

the complex bonds in food molecules are broken down using water molecules.

Question 12

What is trituration?

Answer 12

The process in which contents are churned around and may be further broken down

Question 13

Cellulose cannot be broken down by most animals because

Answer 13

they lack the enzymes necessary to break the B-1, 4 linkages in cellulose.

Question 14

_____ chamber of the stomach are lined with unique epithelium and harbor symbiotic bacteria

Answer 14

Rumen and Reticulum

Question 15

The bacteria in the stomach of ruminants ferment cellulose (plant cell walls) into

Answer 15

fatty acids, methane, and carbon dioxide.

Question 16

the regurgitated mass is called

Answer 16

the cud

Question 17

When food swallowed for the first time it passes from the oesophagus into

Answer 17

the rumen and reticulum.

Question 18

When food is swallowed the second time, it passes via a groove in the rumen to

Answer 18

the omasum, by-passing the reticulum.

Question 19

What happens to the food in the omasum?

Answer 19

The food is churned by strong muscular contractions

Question 20

What camber is the true stomach

Answer 20

The abomasum

Question 21

Food passes from the abomasum to ____

Answer 21

the intestine

Question 22

______ use bacterial symbiosis in the caecum and appendix to digest cellulose.

Answer 22

Lagomorphs

Question 23

What is the proventriculus?

Answer 23

a region lined with chitin that precedes the intestine.

Question 24

The proventriculus is divided into

Answer 24

gastric mill (anterior) and pyloric chamber (posterior).

Question 25

The proventriculus Receives digestive enzymes from the.

Answer 25

hepatopancreas

Question 26

The Larger chamber(gastric mill) is responsible for

Answer 26

The mechanical breakdown and sorting of food.

Question 27

_____ contains teeth and ossicles for grinding food particles

Answer 27

Gastric mill:

Question 28

What is the Pyloric chamber?

Answer 28

Smaller chamber with valves separating it from the gastric mill.

Question 29

The pyloric chamber filters large, indigestible pieces of food, directing them to ______ through _____

Answer 29

1. the hindgut without digestion 2.the midgut

Question 30

The digestible particles and fluids of invertebrate are squeezed through filters and directed to ___

Answer 30

the midgut and hepatopancreas.

Question 31

Where does digestion and absorption takes place?

Answer 31

Hepatopancreas

Question 32

Function of the Hepatopancreas

Answer 32

1. Secretion of digestive enzyme 2. Main absorption organ

Question 33

What is the primary site of absorption in the vertebrates ?

Answer 33

The intestine

Question 34

______ plays a crucial role in sorting and directing food materials for efficient digestion and waste removal.

Answer 34

The pyloric chamber

Question 35

The secretions of digestive enzymes in vertebrate are from

Answer 35

organs like the pancreas and liver.

Question 36

The indigested food are passed trough

Question 37

Saliva Daily volume: PH: Total solute: Enzyme: Site of action:

Answer 37

1.1-1.5 2. 6.3-6.8 3. 0.5% (enzyme salts, dry mucus (mucin) 4. amylase 5. buccal cavity

Question 38

Gastric juice daily volume: inorganic solutes: organic solutes: enzymes: Site of action: pH:

Answer 38

1. 1-3.1 litres 2. 0.1—0.5% (salts and HCI); 3. 0.1% (enzymes, mucin,haemopoietic factor) 4. pepsin (+ rennin in infants for milk digestion), 5. stomach. 6. 1-1.5;

Question 39

The major classes of digestive enzymes being:

Answer 39

1. Proteases, which hydrolyse the peptide bonds in proteins 2. Carbohydrases, which hydrolyse the glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates 3. Lipases, which hydrolyse ester bonds in fats

Question 40

proteases are responsible for

Answer 40

chopping up the component polypeptide chains into free amino acids.

Question 41

What are Endopeptidases

Answer 41

Proteases that break peptide bonds well within the protein molecule, dividing the chain up into sections.

Question 42

What are Exopeptidase?

Answer 42

Protease that attack terminal peptide bonds, until only free amino acids remain.

Question 43

Where does trypsin attacks peptide bonds?

Answer 43

only where the carboxyl group is part of lysine or arginine.

Question 44

Enzymes called _____ break down carbohydrates bonds using a ______reaction,

Answer 44

1. carbohydrases 2. hydrolytic

Question 45

What are the two main groups of carbohydrases

Answer 45

1. Polysaccharases 2. Glycosidases

Question 46

What are Polysaccharases and examples?

Answer 46

Carbohydrases that break down large polysaccharides (starch, glycogen) into smaller units like disaccharides or trisaccharides. e.g., amylases)

Question 47

What are Glycosidases?

Answer 47

These are Carbohydrases that further break down smaller carbohydrates like disaccharides (sucrose, lactose) or trisaccharides into individual monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose). e.g., maltase, sucrase, lactase

Question 48

carbohydrate digestion primarily occurs in _______ conditions of the small intestine.

Answer 48

the alkaline

Question 49

Example of animals that produce their own cellulase

Answer 49

shipworm Teredo (a wood-boring bivalve), an isopod Limnoria, the silverfish (an insect) and some tilapias (cichlid fish).

Question 50

Glucose can exist in two forms, called

Answer 50

D-glucose and L-glucose.

Question 51

All the naturally occurring monosaccharides are in what form?

Answer 51

the D-form of glucose

Question 52

two crystalline isomers of D-glucose exist as

Answer 52

α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose.

Question 53

starch, glycogen, sucrose, and lactose contain what form of glucose

Answer 53

α-D-glucose

Question 54

What makes cellulose hard to break ?

Answer 54

β-1,4 glycosidic bonds and β-D-glucose.

Question 55

The end product of Triglycerides are

Answer 55

monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol.

Question 56

Triglycerides fat

Answer 56

esters of fatty acids and glycerol

Question 57

What are Micelles?

Answer 57

These are spherical clumps formed by the breakdown products. They have a polar (water-loving) head and a non-polar (water-hating) tail.

Question 58

What is the function that of the micelles ?

Answer 58

Transport fat molecule through the intestinal lumen.

Question 59

What’s the function of the Stomach's Muscle?

Answer 59

Storage, Mixing and, Emptying of food

Question 60

What are peristalsis?

Answer 60

movement of the oesophagus, stomach, and intestine

Question 61

Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose by enzymes in

Answer 61

saliva, pancreas, and small intestine

Question 62

Glucose is stored in

Answer 62

the liver

Question 63

Fat is broken down into

Answer 63

fatty acids and cholesterol.

Question 64

Fats are transported through the____ to _____

Answer 64

1. lymphatic system 2. bloodstream and storage depots

Question 65

Amino acids absorbed into

Answer 65

the bloodstream