Chapter 10 Sections 1 + 2

Question 0

Why do we study infancy and childhood

Answer 0

a. Childhood experiences affect people later in life
b. Studying early stages help psychologists learn about developmental problems
c. Look at physical development, social development and cognitive development

Question 1

Developmental psychology

Answer 1

Field in which psychologists study how people grow and change throughout their lifespan

Question 2

Heredity and environment

Answer 2

Debate of nature (heredity) vs. nurture (environment)-which is more influential?

Question 3

Longitudinal method

Answer 3

Select a group of participants and observe, same group over long period of time

Question 4

Advantage of longitudinal method

Answer 4

Observe same people; long period of time, so more better data.
LERNCE, “MORE BETTER” IS A HORRIBLE PHRASE AN DOES NOT MAKE SENSE.

Question 5

Disadvantage of longitudinal method

Answer 5

Long period of time; both time consuming and expensive, also study may alter behavior

Question 6

Cross-sectional method

Answer 6

Select a sample that includes people of different ages

Question 7

Advantages of cross-sectional method

Answer 7

Less-time consuming; less expensive

Question 8

Disadvantages of cross-sectional method

Answer 8

People may not represent same characters

Question 9

Nature

Answer 9

Heredity; your genes

Question 10

Nurture

Answer 10

Environment; what you grew up in

Question 11

Maturation

Answer 11

Automatic and sequential process of development that results from genetic signals (happens automatically and on genetic time table) basically puberty

Question 12

Critical period

Answer 12

Stage or point in development during which a person is best suited to learn a particular skill or behavior pattern

Question 13

Arnold Gesell

Answer 13

Felt maturation played most important role

Question 14

John Watson

Answer 14

Focused on behaviorism

Question 15

John Locke

Answer 15

Thought infants were like blank slates( tabula rosa )

Question 16

Stages

Answer 16

Like climbing stairs (each step is distinct level)

Question 17

Continuity

Answer 17

Walking up an incline (gradual increase to top without levels)

Question 18

Jean Piaget

Answer 18

Cognitive development (every develops in 4 stages)

Question 19

Erik Erickson

Answer 19

Role of social relationships (8 stages to master)

Question 20

Stages points

Answer 20

Period or level in development that is distinct from other levels
Such as sitting crawling standing then walking

Question 21

Continuity points

Answer 21

Can occur almost unnoticed

Question 22

J. H. Flavell

Answer 22

Cognitive development is continuous

Question 23

Infancy

Answer 23

Period from birth to two years

Question 24

Childhood

Answer 24

Period from two years to adolescence

Question 25

Reflex

Answer 25

Involuntary reaction or response a. Not learned, disappear when no longer needed b. Such as breathing, sneezing, coughing, yawning, blinking, exc.

Question 26

Rooting reflex

Answer 26

Babies turn toward a stimuli that touch cheeks or mouth (leads to sucking and swallowing)

Question 27

Moro reflex

Answer 27

Babies withdraw from painful stimuli or loud noises

Question 28

Babinski reflex

Answer 28

Babies raise big toes when soles of feet are touched

Question 29

Motor development

Answer 29

Development of purposeful movement

Question 30

Types of motor development

Answer 30

Gross motor development and fine motor development

Question 31

Gross motor development

Answer 31

a. Coordinating major muscle groups | b. Examples: rolling over, sitting up, crawling and walking

Question 32

Fine motor development

Answer 32

a. Coordination of the hands, face and other smaller muscle b. Four months=babies can grab and shake toys c. Nine months=babies can pick up small objects between thumb and index finger d. One year=may stack blocks or turn pages of book

Question 33

Perceptual development

Answer 33

Process by which infants learn to make sense of the sensations they are exposed to ( prefer new and interesting stimuli )

Question 34

Robert Fantz

Answer 34

Infants preferred pictures of human faces to other pictures

Question 35

Perceptual preferences for 5-10 weeks

Answer 35

Look at complex patterns

Question 36

Perceptual preferences for 15-20 weeks

Answer 36

Stare longer at face-like petterns

Question 37

Visual cliff

Answer 37

Special structure with checkerboard pattern and sheet of glass with pattern a few feet below

Question 38

Depth perception of visual cliff in young infants

Answer 38

Unafraid when placed on drop off

Question 39

Depth perception in infants by 9 months

Answer 39

Respond with fear to drop off

Question 40

Depth perception by the time they learn to crawl

Answer 40

Refuse to move on to glass part

Question 41

Hearing

Answer 41

a. More developed then eyesight at birth b. Babies respond more to high-pitched sounds c. Babies are soothed by low-pitched sounds