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Psychology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the three types of memory

A

Episodic memory, semantic memory, and implicit memory

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1
Q

Memory

A

Recollect prior experiences and information and skills learned from in the past

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2
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory of a specific event

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3
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Events so important we remember every detail

Part of episodic memory

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4
Q

Semantic memory

A

General information that we know
A. Do not remember where we acquired the info
B. Explicit memories=things that are clear or clearly stated

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5
Q

Implicit memories

A

Not clearly stated

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6
Q

What are the three processes of memory

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

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7
Q

Encoding includes

A

Visual, acoustic, and semantic

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8
Q

Encoding

A

Translation of information into a form in which it can be stored

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9
Q

Visual code

A

Mental pictures used to remember something

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10
Q

Acoustic codes

A

Using sounds to remember something

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11
Q

Semantic codes

A

Making sense out of something( try to find meaning )

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12
Q

What are parts of storage

A

Maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, organizational systems, and filing errors

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13
Q

Storage

A

Maintenance of encoded information over a period of time

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14
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Mechanical or rote repetition of information to keep from forgetting it

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15
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Relate new information to something you already know

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16
Q

Organizational systems

A

Filing system used to arrange learned information for later retrieval

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17
Q

Filing errors

A

Information filled incorrectly

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18
Q

What all are parts of retrieval

A

Context-dependent , state-dependent, and the tip-of-tongue

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19
Q

Context-dependent

A

Memories that come back to you in the place where they took place

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20
Q

Retrieval

A

Locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought

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21
Q

State-dependent memory

A

Memories that return because the original mood in which they were made.(recreated)
(Includes same state of consciousness)

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22
Q

Tip of tongue

A

Feeling that you know something you just can’t retrieve

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23
Q

What are the three stages of memory

A

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

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24
What are the parts of sensory memory
Memory trace, iconic memory, eidetic memory, and echoic memory
25
Memory trace
Visual impression that decays within a fraction of a second
26
Sensory memory
Immediate, initial, recording of data that enters through scenes
27
Iconic memory
Accurate, photographic memories
28
Eidetic memory
Ability to remember visual stimuli over long periods of time
29
Echoic memory
Mental traces of sound | *easier to remember than visual codes
30
Short-term memory
Working memory; storage for information after the memory trace fades away - fades rapidly after several seconds - better to encode information as sounds to make it last longer
31
What all parts does short-term memory consist of
Primacy effect, decency effect, chunking, and interference
32
Primacy effect
Tendency to recall the initial items in a series (first)
33
Recently effect
Tendency to recall the last items in a series
34
Chunking
Organizing information into familiar or manageable parts
35
George miller
Average person can hold a list of 7 items
36
Interference
New information appears in short-term memory and takes the place of what what was already there
37
Lloyd and Margaret Peterson
-asked college students to remember three letter combinations( most recalled all of them ) Asked students to count backward by threes( when to,d to stop counting, we're asked to recall the three letter combinations) 3 seconds of interference=about 50% recall 18 seconds of interference=hardly any recall
38
Long-term memory
Last stage; holds information for extended period of time
39
Memory of reconstruction
A. Wilder penfield=patients experienced what they thought were memories during surgery( stimulated parts of the brain B. Elizabeth lotus=found that the memories evoked by penfield had little detail and we're factually incorrect
40
Schemas
The mental representations we form off the world by organizing bits of information into knowledge
41
Lotus and Palmer
- Showed subjects film of car crash - asked them to complete questionnaire about film - asked how fast the cars were going - one group told hit=said speed was 34 - one group told smashed=said speed was 41 - asked if there was broken glass - hit group=14% were incorrect - smashed group=32% were incorrect
42
Capacity of memory
Have not found a limit to memory storage
43
Forgetting
Can occur at any stage of time
44
All parts of forgetting
Visual sensory, acoustic sensory, and short-term memory
45
Visual sensory
Less than a second before forgetting
46
Acoustic sensory
A few seconds before forgetting
47
Short-term memory forgetting
10-12 seconds before forgetting
48
Displaced
Information that is crowded out
49
What are the basic memory tasks
Recognition, recall, and relearning
50
Recognition
Identifying objects or events that have been encountered before Easiest memory task
51
Harry bahrick study
Yearbook photographs was his study - recent graduates recognized classmates 90% of the time - graduates out 40 years recognized 75% of the time - recognized photos rather than names
52
Recall
Bring something back to mind - do not immediately recognize something - have to search for it and reconstruct it
53
Hermann ebbinghuas and forgetting curve
- ability to recall drops off quickly - half of items are forgotten in the first hour - memory loss becomes more gradual after first hour
54
Relearning
Learn information again that was already known
55
What are the different kinds of forgetting
Interference, repression, decay, and amnesia
56
Interference
New information disrupts new information placed in memory
57
Repression
Forgetting something on purpose without knowing it
58
Amnesia
Severe memory loss often caused by trauma to the brain
59
Decay
Fading away of a memory over time
60
Retrograde amnesia
Forgetting the period leading up to a traumatic event | -time lost varies
61
Anterograde amnesia
Memory loss after a traumatic event | -person loses ability to form new memories
62
Infantile amnesia
Not remembering events before the age of three
63
Frued thought about infantile amnesia
Young children have aggressive and sexual feelings toward parents
64
(Loftus) modern day said about infantile amnesia
Biological factors -hippocampus doesn't mature before age two -memory formation inefficient until myelination of nerve cells Cognitive factors -infants aren't interested in remembering past year -information about specific episodes lost -do not use language to encode events
65
Parts of improving memory
Maintenance rehearsal, relate to something you know, form unusual associations, and use mnemonic devices
66
Maintenance rehearsal( drill and practice )
- go over the information again and again | - remembering names=use the name right away
67
Relate to something you know
- elaborative rehearsal - spelling "sentence" clues - construct links between items (foreign language words/English)
68
Form unusual associations
- unusual/humorous associations work best | - rhymes, pictures, etc.
69
Use mnemonic devices
- can combine chunks of information | - acronyms, phrases, jingles, etc.

Psychology (9 decks)

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