Chapter 10 - Social influence and social psychology

Question 1

Joseph Gassner

Answer 1

a priest who claimed to be able to cure many different diseases through exorcism

Question 2

Franz Mesmer

Answer 2

appointed to investigate Gassner’s practices
- he practiced something similar to Gassner’s exorcisms but invoked a naturalistic power to treat his patients

Question 3

hypnosis

Answer 3

the process of inducing mental concentration, resulting in a state of high suggestibility
- discovered by Mesmer

Question 4

social influence processes

Answer 4

the different ways in which people are influenced by others’ beliefs or situations
- also explored by Mesmer

Question 5

magnetism

Answer 5

it is going through the body and is the reason why symptoms are released

Question 6

animal magnetism

Answer 6

a supposed vital force or energy that was thought to exist within living organisms, including humans and animals

Question 7

mesmerism

Answer 7

inducing patients by suggestion and using magnetic force to enter a state of crisis
- people tended to show the same signs as exorcism

Question 8

social facilitation

Answer 8

the increase in behavior when said behavior is performed in a group setting

Question 9

Marquis de Puysegur

Answer 9

one of Mesmer’s disciples who was uncomfortable with the crisis state patients fell into during magnetism

Question 10

artificial somnambulism

Answer 10

people reacted to the stimuli but acted as they were asleep, at this very moment they are very open to suggestions
- developed by Puysegur

Question 11

post-hypnotic amnesia

Answer 11

people forget what had happened during the seance
- they do not recall being instructed to do something after they wake up

Question 12

post-hypnotic suggestion

Answer 12

the suggestion made during the artificial somnambulism
- e.g. a person is told they should touch their ear every time they cough. after waking up they cough and unconsciously touch their ear and do not remember being told so

Question 13

Jose de Faria

Answer 13

discovered that sensitivity to suggestion depends on the client
- called the state of artificial sleepwalking lucid sleep

Question 14

James Esdaile

Answer 14

the first to use mesmerism in the medicine
- used it an anaesthesia

Question 15

James Braid

Answer 15

believed that the phenomena of mesmerism and animal magnetism deserved a more scientific name
- hypnotism

Question 16

Jean-Martin Charcot

Answer 16

a director of a hospital in Paris and saw many similarities between hysteria and hypnosis
- used hypnosis to remove symptoms of hysteria

Question 17

hysteria

Answer 17

patients who had emotional outbursts or certain tics that could not be traced to a physical condition

Question 18

grande hysteria

Answer 18

patients with many symptoms
- the disease as a whole

Question 19

petit hysteria

Answer 19

patients with less severe symptoms

Question 20

Blanche Wittmann

Answer 20

a young woman who was one of the most important cases Charcot investigated
- showed all 3 stages of grande hysteria

Question 21

Liebault

Answer 21

another person who used hypnosis to treat people with everyday problems

Question 22

Hippolyte Bernheim

Answer 22

• initially didn’t believe in hypnosis, but was convinced by Liebeault
• concluded that suggestibility is normally distributed in the population (not everyone could be hypnotised)

Question 23

Joseph Delboeuf

Answer 23

did not believe in hypnosis at all
- conducted similar experiments to Charcot’s but without telling the participants what would happen
- found that the effects of hypnosis were not real

Question 24

Gustav Le Bon

Answer 24

wrote a book about the psychology of a crowd
- when people are in a crowd, they show the same signs as hypnosis (they think less, become more susceptible to suggestions)

Question 25

social contagion

Answer 25

the spread of behaviors, emotions, or ideas through a group of people, often in a rapid and unthinking manner

Question 26

Alfred Binet's ideas about social contagion

Answer 26

he said that even if you wanted to help your patient, inattentional suggestions would make the patient act differently, meaning that the suggesting is doing the effect and not you

Question 27

Norman Triplett

Answer 27

introduced the ideas of social facilitation and social inhibition because he observed that people behave differently when they are alone verses when they are with other people

Question 28

social inhibition

Answer 28

when one performs worse in an activity when in the presence of others

Question 29

Floyd Allport

Answer 29

built on Binet and Triplett's ideas and created social psychology

Question 30

group fallacy

Answer 30

people in groups or crowds form a group mind that omits their individual reactions in situations, however, the focus still should be on studying the individual

Question 31

Solomon Asch

Answer 31

developed the concept of social conformity

Question 32

Leon Festinger

Answer 32

conducted a famous study on cognitive dissonance

Question 33

Stanley Milgram

Answer 33

student of Asch and studied obedience - Milgram experiment

Question 34

Philip Zimbardo

Answer 34

conducted the Stanford prison experiment

Question 35

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 35

investigated false memories or how memories can be affected by the people around you - "Lost in the mall" experiment