Chapter 10 - Social Thinking Flashcards
___ occurs when individuals like each other and is influenced by:
physical attraction: symmetry and body proportions approximating the ___ (1.618:1) are considered more attractive
similarity: more attracted to people similar in attitudes, intelligence, education, height, appearance, SES, and etc. even with some complementary traits
___: more attracted to people when one reveals fears, thoughts, and goals and is met with non-judgmental empathy and they reciprocate with their confessions
___: people like others more when they think they like them
___: people like those physically close due to convenience or ___/___: people prefer stimuli which they are more exposed to
Attraction Golden ratio Self-disclosure Reciprocal liking Proximity Mere exposure effect or familiarity effect
___ is a social behaviour that is exhibited against a real or perceived threat by showing an intention to harm or asserting social dominance. This behaviour is demonstrated both physical, verbal, and nonverbal means but usually ends up with no physical damage.
This behaviour is demonstrated for several reasons. Biologically, it is associated with the ___, which is responsible for perceiving threats. The ___ controls the ___ by reducing impulsive and emotional responses. High levels of ___ are also linked with this type of behaviour. It is also more likely to be exhibited when one is feeling other negative emotions according to the ___.
Aggression Amygdala Prefrontal cortex Testosterone (and alcohol) Cognitive neoassociation model
___ is a social behaviour that is usually shown between a child and caregiver. It is necessary for infants to have a ___–a consistent, available, responsive, and comforting caregiver–between six months and two years for proper development. Based on the caregiver, there are different types of attachment styles:
___: child is upset at departure, comforted at return of caregiver, shows caregiver preference, and this type of attachment style is vital for developing proper social skills
___: there is a void of emotion from both the caregiver at the child’s distress and a void of emotion from the child at the caregiver’s departure and returns; child shows no caregiver preference
___: caregiver response is mixed–negligent or appropriate to a distressed child; child shows distress and then mixed emotion at caregiver’s departure and return, respectively
___: caregiver is erratic, withdrawn, or abusive resulting in no pattern in response to caregiver return or departure but rather confused, dazed, or seeking soothing techniques like rocking
Attachment Secure base Secure Avoidant Ambivalent/Ambivalent-Anxious (child is anxious because of caregiver's dependability) Disorganized
___ is a social behaviour that results from the perceived or real idea of being cared for by a social network. This behaviour is exhibited through different means including:
___: listening, affirming, empathizing to someone’s feelings
___: affirming one’s qualities and skills
___: financial or material contribution
___: give a person a sense of belonging through gestures, activities, and experiences
___: providing information that will help
The behaviour has several health benefits including low stress, higher immunity, and so on and is necessary during a tragedy.
Social support Emotional support Esteem support Tangible/Material support Network support Informational support
Like the amygdala is associated with aggressive behaviour, other neuroanatomy regions are associated with specific behaviours. For example, ___, or the act of seeking and eating food, is heavily linked with the ___. Specifically, the ___ is associated with signalling hunger and damage to this region results in starvation and a lack of hunger. On the other hand, the ___ is responsible for satiation and damage to this region results in one being very much hungry or obesity.
Hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus
Ventromedial hypothalamus
___ refers to the structure of a group’s sexual behaviour and includes: promiscuity, polygamy, and monogamy.
___: a sexual relationship where both parties are exclusive
___: a sexual relationship where one partner has multiple exclusive relations with the other sex–___ if it’s a male with multiple females and ___ if a female with multiple males
__: a sexual relationship where one partner has multiple non-exclusive relationships
The sexual behaviour is dependent on both biological and social factors.
Mating system
Monogamy
Polygamy: polygyny or polyandry
Promiscuity
___ is the process of a partner choosing their sexual mate. Depending on how choosy the partner is or their ___, certain qualities or traits help some potential mates stand out. Generally these traits signify either ___ or ___ benefits, which provide advantages to the mater or offspring, respectively. Examples of such traits include:
___: observable traits that make an organism more attractive as they signify better production and survival of offspring
___: traits that leverage an existing bias or preference in the population
___: a trait that has become more exaggerated over time due to a positive feedback loop of it being sexually desired and passed on but still providing no evolutionary advantage or disadvantage
___: traits that signify good health and well-being and are not genetic–eg. cleanliness
___: traits that indicate complimentary genes to reduce the chances of a homo-zygotic, recessive alleles
Mate choice or inter-sexual selection Mate bias Direct; indirect Phenotypic traits Sensory bias Fisherian or runaway selection Indicator traits Genetic compatibility
___ is a social behaviour that occurs when one provides a benefit to another despite the cost to the donor.
The behaviour can be exhibited for selfish reasons or due to ___ or vicariously feeling emotions of the recipient. The ___ theory believes this behaviour is exhibited when one feels the emotions and will help either regardless or when the benefits outweigh the cost to themselves. It can also be exhibited as an attempt of improving fitness of survival of the species as a whole. For example, parents may sacrifice their lives in hopes of their offspring passing on their genes.
Altruism
Empathy
Altruism-empathy hypothesis
Altruistic and decision making behaviour has been tried to explain with \_\_\_--a process that weighs the potential payoffs of each outcome. Examples of possible behaviours include: \_\_\_: donor -, recipient + \_\_\_: donor +, recipient - \_\_\_: donor -, recipient - \_\_\_: donor +, recipient +
Biologically, this payoff or reward is ___ or successful survival. It is a measure of how many offspring are produced, how well they are supported and if they can support their own children. Populations try to come up with an ___ or traits and behaviours that withstand time because of natural selection and are therefore passed down into offspring in hopes of achieving survival. Examples of such strategies include a dove or hawk approach, which can co-exist at an equilibrium.
Game theory Altruism Selfishness Spite Cooperation
Inclusive fitness
Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)
While ___ looks at how we hope to be perceived by others, ___ is looks at how we perceive and make attitudes about others’ characteristics.
The process involves three parts: the ___, ___, and ___. The first is influence by past experiences, motives, and their emotional state.
Impression management
Social perception or social cognition
Perceiver, situation (social context), and target
Social perception or cognition starts with an individual taking in all cues, categorizing an individual, and then using additional cues to confirm their categorization. The ___ states that the assumptions about the people’s categories, behaviours, and traits are all related. However, the process is flawed by several cognitive biases, including:
___: weighing initial cues as the most important when making an impression
___: weighing the most recent cues as the most important when making an impression
___: weighting traits and characteristics that are most important to the perceiver to make an impression
___: using the general impression about an individual to influence their impressions about specific traits
___: believing that only good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
___: when individuals view their successes as a result of internal factors and adopt an internal locus of control and failures as a result of external factors and adopt an external locus of control for maintaining self-worth or ___ purposes
Implicit personality theory Primary effect Recency effect Reliance on central traits Halo effect Just-world hypothesis Self-serving bias or self-serving attributional bias
___ is the process of people trying to understand and explain other people’s behaviours. It is explained through ___, which divides causes into two categories:
1) ___: explaining behaviour based on the individual as the primary cause
2) ___: explaining behaviour based on surrounding features, like money, threats, social norms, and peer pressure
Certain cues help solidify explanations. For example, ___ cues show consistent behaviour over time and solidify ___. ___ cues looks at how behaviour matches other people’s behaviour. If it deviates, it solidifies ___. ___ cues look at how similar behaviour is used in similar situations. If different, it solidifies ___.
Attribution
Attribution theory
Dispositional (internal)
Situational (external)
Consistency attribution Dispositional attribution Consensus cues Dispositional attribution Distinctive cues Situational attribution
Individuals have biases when it comes to attribution. For example, the ___ states that people explain unexpected behaviour that hurts or helps us with a ___ attribution. Also, according to the ___ people tend to explain negative behaviour with a ___ attribution. Other times, people make complex assumptions and then replace them with a simpler question, scenario, or heuristic which is called ___. Finally, attribution is heavily influenced by culture
Correspondent inference theory
Fundamental attribution error
Dispositional attribution
Attribution substitution
Social cognition and perception may lead to stereotypes, prejudice or discrimination. ___ are cognitive and include the expectations, impressions, and opinions about a groups’ characteristics. ___ are affective and include the attitude and emotions about a group a group. ___ is behaviour and includes actions towards the group.
Stereotypes
Prejudice
Discrimination
___ are fundamentally necessary and help categorize information psychologically. Sociologically, they occur when groups or people are characterized based on limited or superficial information. They can be organized based on competence (societal status) and warmth (low competition) according to the ___:
___: low competence, high warmth; looked down upon
___: low warmth or competitive, low competence; resentment, anger, and annoyance
___: high competence, high warmth; pride and positive feelings
___: high competence, low warmth; jealous, bitter, distrust
Stereotypes Stereotype content model Paternalistic stereotypes (house wives, etc.) Contemptuous stereotype (welfare receipients, etc.) Admirable stereotype Envious stereotype
