Chapter 11

Question 1

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Answer 1

social psychology

Question 2

the tendency, when analyzing others’ behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the influence of the situation.

Answer 2

fundamental attribution error

Question 3

feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Answer 3

attitude

Question 4

the tendency for people who have first agreed to small request to comply later with a larger request.

Answer 4

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Question 5

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Answer 5

role

Question 6

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts clash.

Answer 6

cognitive dissonance theory

Question 7

occurs when people are influenced by unimportant cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

Answer 7

peripheral route persuasion

Question 8

occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments

Answer 8

central route persuasion

Question 9

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Answer 9

conformity

Question 10

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Answer 10

normative social influence

Question 11

influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

Answer 11

informational social influence

Question 12

in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks.

Answer 12

social facilitation

Question 13

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Answer 13

social loafing

Question 14

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Answer 14

deindividuation

Question 15

strengthening of a group’s preexisting attitudes through discussions within the group.

Answer 15

group polarization

Question 16

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Answer 16

groupthink

Question 17

an unfair and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves negative feelings, stereotyped beliefs, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Answer 17

prejudice

Question 18

a generalized belief about a group of people

Answer 18

stereotype

Question 19

unfair negative behavior toward a group or its members.

Answer 19

discrimination

Question 20

the tendency to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Answer 20

just-world phenomenon

Question 21

“us” people with who we share a common identity

Answer 21

ingroup

Question 22

“them”- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Answer 22

outgroup

Question 23

the tendency to favor our own group

Answer 23

ingroup bias

Question 24

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Answer 24

scapegoat theory

Question 25

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races.

Answer 25

other-race effect

Question 26

any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Answer 26

aggression

Question 27

the principle that frustration- blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Answer 27

frustration-aggression principle

Question 28

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Answer 28

social script

Question 29

the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them.

Answer 29

mere exposure effect

Question 30

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of romantic love.

Answer 30

passionate love

Question 31

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Answer 31

companionate love

Question 32

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Answer 32

equity

Question 33

revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others.

Answer 33

self-disclosure

Question 34

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Answer 34

altruism

Question 35

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Answer 35

bystander effect

Question 36

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Answer 36

reciprocity norm

Question 37

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

Answer 37

social-responsibility norm

Question 38

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Answer 38

conflict

Question 39

mutual views often held by conflicting groups, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Answer 39

mirror-image perceptions

Question 40

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Answer 40

self-fulfilling prohpecy

Question 41

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Answer 41

superordinate goals