Chapter 2

Question 1

neurons within the brain and spinal cord; they communicate internally and process information between sensory inputs and motor outputs

Answer 1

interneurons

Question 2

peripheral nervous system division that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

Answer 2

somatic nervous system

Question 3

peripheral nervous system division that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (heart)

Answer 3

autonomic nervous system

Question 4

autonomic nervous system subdivision that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy

Answer 4

sympathetic nervous system

Question 5

autonomic nervous system subdivision that calms the body, conserving its energy

Answer 5

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 6

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

Answer 6

reflex

Question 7

the body’s “slow: chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Answer 7

endocrine system

Question 8

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

Answer 8

hormones

Question 9

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress

Answer 9

adrenal glands

Question 10

the most influential endocrine gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

Answer 10

pituitary gland

Question 11

a device that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to record waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface

Answer 11

EEG

Question 12

a brain-imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical activity

Answer 12

MEG

Question 13

a view of the brain activity showing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

Answer 13

PET

Question 14

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. They show brain anatomy.

Answer 14

MRI

Question 15

a technique revealing blood flow, and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. They show brain function

Answer 15

fMRI

Question 16

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

Answer 16

medulla

Question 17

the brain’s sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; directs sensory messages to the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

Answer 17

thalamus

Question 18

nerve network running through the brainstem and into the thalamus; plays and important role in controlling arousal

Answer 18

reticular formation

Question 19

the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory

Answer 19

cerebellum

Question 20

neural system (including the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus) located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions and drives.

Answer 20

limbic system

Question 21

In the limbic system; linked to emotion

Answer 21

amygdala

Question 22

a neural structure that directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland; linked with emotion and reward

Answer 22

hypothalamus

Question 23

a thin layer of interconnected neurons covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center

Answer 23

cerebral cortex

Question 24

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

Answer 24

frontal lobes

Question 25

thee portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and towards the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

Answer 25

parietal lobes

Question 26

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

Answer 26

occipital lobes

Question 27

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes areas that receive information from the ears.

Answer 27

temporal lobes

Question 28

the cerebral cortex area at the rear of the frontal lobes; controls voluntary movements.

Answer 28

motor cortex

Question 29

the cerebral cortex area at the front of the parietal lobes; registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

Answer 29

somatosensory cortex

Question 30

a false sensory experience, such as hearing something in the absence of external auditory stimulus.

Answer 30

hallucination

Question 31

cerebral cortex areas involved primarily in higher mental functions, such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

Answer 31

association areas

Question 32

the formation of new neurons

Answer 32

neurogenesis

Question 33

a large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

Answer 33

corpus callosum

Question 34

a condition resulting from surgery that separates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them.

Answer 34

split brain

Question 35

the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes.

Answer 35

biological psychology

Question 36

processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems

Answer 36

sequential processing

Question 37

processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem at the same time

Answer 37

parallel processing

Question 38

focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Answer 38

selective attention

Question 39

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Answer 39

inattentional blindness

Question 40

failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness.

Answer 40

change blindness

Question 41

our internal biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Answer 41

circadian rhythm

Question 42

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active.

Answer 42

REM sleep

Question 43

relatively slow brain waves or relaxed, awake state.

Answer 43

alpha waves

Question 44

a periodic, natural loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

Answer 44

sleep

Question 45

large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Answer 45

delta waves

Question 46

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN adjusts melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness.

Answer 46

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 47

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Answer 47

insomnia

Question 48

a sleep disorder in which a person has uncontrollable sleep attacks, sometimes lapsing directly into REM sleep

Answer 48

narcolepsy

Question 49

a sleep disorder in which a sleeping person repeatedly stops breathing until blood oxygen is so low the person awakens just long enough to draw a breath.

Answer 49

sleep apnea

Question 50

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during N3 sleep and are infrequently remembered.

Answer 50

night terrors

Question 51

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind.

Answer 51

dream

Question 52

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

Answer 52

manifest content

Question 53

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

Answer 53

latent content

Question 54

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

Answer 54

REM rebound

Question 55

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

Answer 55

plasticity

Question 56

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

Answer 56

neuron

Question 57

the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; the cell's life-support center

Answer 57

cell body

Question 58

neuron extensions that receive and integrate messages and conduct them toward the cell body

Answer 58

dendrites

Question 59

the neuron extension that sends messages to other neurons or to muscles and glands

Answer 59

axon

Question 60

a nerve impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

Answer 60

action potential

Question 61

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory

Answer 61

glial cells

Question 62

the junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron.

Answer 62

synapse

Question 63

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Answer 63

threshold

Question 64

in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting state

Answer 64

refractory period

Question 65

a neuron's reaction of either firing or not firing

Answer 65

all or none response

Question 66

neuron-produced chemicals that cross the synaptic gap to carry messages to to other neurons or to muscles and glands.

Answer 66

neurotransmitters

Question 67

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

Answer 67

reuptake

Question 68

a chemical, such as opium, morphine, or heroin, that depresses neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Answer 68

opiate

Question 69

"morphine within"- natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

Answer 69

endorphins

Question 70

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Answer 70

nervous system

Question 71

the brain and spinal cord

Answer 71

central nervous system

Question 72

the sensory and motor neurons connecting the central nervous system and the rest of the body

Answer 72

peripheral nervous system

Question 73

bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

Answer 73

nerves

Question 74

neurons that carry incoming information from the body's tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cords.

Answer 74

sensory neurons

Question 75

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Answer 75

motor neurons

Question 76

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process for storage explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events

Answer 76

hippocampus