Chapter 11 12 Flashcards
(41 cards)
THE APPROACH TO STUDYING LEARNING THAT SUGGESTS AN EXCLUSIVE FOCUS ON OVERT, OBSERVABLE, AND MEASURABLE RESPONSES AND THE DISCARDING OF REFERENCES TO INNER THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, AND MOTIVATIONS IS CALLED __________.
functionalism
externalism
behaviorism
extrinsic exclusivity
behaviorism
THE CONCEPT OF __________ LEARNING OCCURS WHEN AN ANIMAL LINKS TWO EVENTS THAT OCCUR TOGETHER.
dissociative
constructive
associative
paired
associative
PSYCHOLOGIST EDWARD TOLMAN DEMONSTRATED THAT RATS WOULD LEARN TO COMPLETE A MAZE IN A SHORTER PERIOD OF TIME, BUT ONLY WHEN THEY HAD AN INCENTIVE TO DO SO. THIS IS KNOWN AS __________ LEARNING.
conditioned
associated
motivated
latent
latent
YOU WAKE UP AT 3 IN THE MORNING, WITH A MOUTH AS DRY AS DIRT! YOU WANT TO GO DOWN TO THE KITCHEN TO GET A GLASS OF MILK, BUT DO NOT WANT TO WAKE UP EVERYONE IN THE HOUSE BY TURNING ON THE LIGHTS. EVEN THOUGH YOU’RE WALKING IN THE DARK, YOU ARE ABLE TO GET TO THE KITCHEN WITHOUT TOO MUCH RISK BECAUSE YOU HAVE A _________ OF THE LAYOUT OF YOUR HOUSE.
cognitive map
mental heuristic
psychic algorithm
latent image
cognitive map
IN IVAN PAVLOV’S ORIGINAL DEMONSTRATION OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, WHY IS THE FOOD REFERRED TO AS AN UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS?
Because the food is something the animal had to learn that it wanted in all cases.
Because the animal knows he is going to get food whether he salivates or not, so salivation is not a “condition” of getting food.
Because the food evokes the salivation response before any intentional learning has taken place.
Because lower animals do not have the capacity to decide what they will and will not respond to, so all stimuli for animals other than human beings are “unconditioned.”
Because the food evokes the salivation response before any intentional learning has taken place.
JULIO HAS BEEN DATING MARIA FOR THE PAST 2 YEARS, AND HAS GROWN ACCUSTOMED TO THE SCENT OF HER FAVORITE PERFUME. AFTER THEIR RELATIONSHIP ENDED, JULIO WAS WALKING THROUGH A STORE, MINDING HIS OWN BUSINESS, WHEN A WOMAN PASSED WHO WAS WEARING THE SAME PERFUME. INSTANTLY, JULIO TURNED AROUND AND STARTED LOOKING FOR HIS LOST LOVE. IN THIS EXAMPLE, WHAT IS THE CONDITIONED STIMULUS?
The strange woman in the store
The scent of the perfume
Julio looking for his lost love
Maria
The scent of the perfume
THE CLASSIC, THOUGH SOMEWHAT CONTROVERSIAL, EXPERIMENT OF LITTLE ALBERT WAS USED TO SHOW THAT __________ CAN BE CONDITIONED IN HUMAN BEINGS.
fear
hunger
pain
sorrow
fear
PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF HOW PSYCHOLOGY RELATES TO EVENTS INVOLVING THE __________ AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS.
digestive
nervous
endocrine
circulatory
nervous
09
WHILE __________ CONDITIONING FOCUSES ON SPREADING A REFLEXIVE RESPONSE TO A NEW PRECIPITATING STIMULUS, __________ CONDITIONING UTILIZES AN ORGANISM’S ABILITY TO ASSOCIATE ACTIONS WITH FUTURE CONSEQUENCES.
operant; vicarious
vicarious; latent
classical; operant
latent; classical
classical; operant
A POSITIVE REINFORCER IS EFFECTIVE BECAUSE:
it is a way of adding something that is aversive, like a spanking or a penalty
it is a way to remove something that a person dislikes, like a restriction or a punishment.
it involves the use of a “good” reward, which most people are interested in receiving.
it involves giving a person a reward for a desirable activity.
it involves giving a person a reward for a desirable activity.
THE BEAUTY OF BIRTHDAY PRESENTS IS THAT YOU GET THEM ONCE A YEAR. NO MATTER HOW MUCH YOU BEG, YOU GENERALLY WILL NOT GET THEM UNTIL THE FULL YEAR HAS PASSED. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A __________ SCHEDULE OF PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT.
fixed ratio
variable interval
variable ratio
fixed interval
fixed interval
ALTHOUGH DIFFERENT PEOPLE HAVE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON WHETHER PUNISHMENT OR REINFORCEMENT IS THE BEST WAY TO ALTER BEHAVIOR, MOST AGREE THAT:
Both punishment and reinforcement are both most effective when they immediately follow the performed behavior.
Punishment works better for adults, while reinforcement works better for children.
The only way to truly alter a person’s behavior is if they really want to change. Otherwise it makes no difference whether you use punishment or reinforcement.
Negative reinforcement is better than positive reinforcement, and negative punishment is better than positive punishment.
Both punishment and reinforcement are both most effective when they immediately follow the performed behavior.
WHICH PSYCHOLOGIST IS FAMOUS FOR HIS “BOBO DOLL” EXPERIMENT, WHICH IS CONSIDERED A CLASSIC STUDY DEMONSTRATING THE PRINCIPLES OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING?
Alan Hartstring
Edward Tolman
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Albert Bandura
TO LEARN BY OBSERVATION, AN ORGANISM MUST BE ABLE TO REPRODUCE THE ACTION THAT IS BEING OBSERVED – A CONCEPT KNOWN AS __________.
modeling
imitation
rehearsal
replicating
Modeling
AT THE AGE OF 16, MARTIN WATCHED HIS OLDER BROTHER LAWRENCE GET TRAINED AS AN EMT, AND THEN AS A PARAMEDIC. HE ENJOYED HEARING THE STORIES OF HOW LAWRENCE WORKED ON THE AMBULANCES, OCCASIONALLY SAVING A LIFE, AND THIS LED MARTIN TO EXPERIENCE A STRONG DESIRE TO BECOME AN EMT HIMSELF. IN THIS CASE, LAWRENCE SERVED AS A __________ MODEL FOR HIS YOUNGER BROTHER.
benevolent
automatic
prosocial
familial
Pro social
__________ INVOLVES PERIODICALLY SCANNING AN ENVIRONMENT TO MAKE SURE THAT NOTHING IN THE ENVIRONMENT HAS CHANGED.
Checking
Monitoring
Obsessing
Patrolling
Patrolling
ACCORDING TO THE MASS ACTION PRINCIPLE, WHICH KINDS OF TASKS ARE MOST AFFECTED BY LESIONS TO THE BRAIN?
Complex tasks
Simple tasks
Continuous tasks
Precipitated tasks
Complex tasks
KATYA CONVINCES HERSELF THAT THE BEST WAY TO PREPARE FOR HER FINAL EXAM TOMORROW IS TO PULL AN ‘ALL-NIGHTER’ STUDYING WHILE ARTIFICIALLY MAINTAINING HER ENERGY WITH POT AFTER POT OF CAFFEINATED COFFEE. IRONICALLY, THE RESEARCH INTO THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP-DEPRIVATION ON THE BRAIN HAVE FOUND THAT:
extended periods of sleep can be just as disruptive to long-term potentiation as extended periods of wakefulness.
long-term potentiation seems to be most likely to occur when an organism is well-rested.
long-term potentiation is least likely to occur in the mornings.
the effects of sleep deprivation on long-term potentiation have been found to be nonexistent, but the ingestion of caffeine severely diminishes long-term potentiation.
long-term potentiation seems to be most likely to occur when an organism is well-rested.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PROCESSES OCCURS WITHIN A FEW HOURS OF LEARNING A NEW BIT OF INFORMATION?
system consolidation
synaptic consolidation
relational consolidation
latent consolidation
synaptic consolidation
__________ NEURONS RESPOND BOTH WHEN AN ORGANISM PERFORMS A TASK AND WHEN IT WATCHES ANOTHER ORGANISM PERFORM THE SAME TASK.
Mirror
Reciprocal
Dual
Di-activated
Mirror
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT ONE OF THE BASIC TYPES OF MEMORY?
sensory memory
working memory
immediate memory
long-term memory
immediate memory
THE THREE KEY PROCESSES OF MEMORY ARE:
sensory, working, and long-term.
encoding, retrieval, and application.
interpretation, encoding, and storage.
encoding, storage, and retrieval.
encoding, storage, and retrieval.
THE INABILITY TO RETRIEVE INFORMATION THAT HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY STORED IS CALLED __________.
encoding blockage
forgetting
storage erosion
interference
forgetting
WITH REGARD TO THE THREE-STAGE MODEL OF MEMORY SUGGESTED BY ATKINSON AND SHIFFRIN, WHAT HAS RECENT RESEARCH FOUND?
It is possible for information to make it into our long-term memory without going through the first two stages of the model.
The model is very accurate, as supported by the fact that people with sensory impairment like blindness or deafness have memory systems that are far less reliable than those without such deficits.
Encoding is a process whose importance was overestimated by Atkinson and Shiffrin, since only information to which we consciously attend is actually encoded.
There are, in fact, more than three types of memory storage.
It is possible for information to make it into our long-term memory without going through the first two stages of the model.
