Chapter 13 Flashcards by Susan Kamauoha

THE __________ APPROACH TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IS A METHOD OF INTERPRETING DATA THAT IS PERSON-ORIENTED AND FOCUSES ON HOW THE UNIQUE PARTS OF A PERSON’S PERSONALITY FORM A CONSISTENT WHOLE.

idiographic
nomothetic
idiosynchratic
individualistic

idiographic

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DR. SAPPERSON IS INTERESTED IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH THAT HELPS TO CLARIFY GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES OF BEHAVIOR. HIS EXPERIMENT WILL INVOLVE THE GATHERING OF DATA FROM MANY PARTICIPANTS SO THAT HE CAN MAKE GENERAL STATEMENTS ABOUT GROUPS, RATHER THAN INDIVIDUAL OBSERVATIONS ABOUT ONE PERSON. DR. SAPPERSON’S RESEARCH IS BASED IN THE __________ APPROACH.

idiographic
collectivist
group
nomothetic

Nomothetic

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IF YOU ARE DESCRIBING YOUR BEST FRIEND TO ANOTHER PERSON, YOU MIGHT RATTLE OFF A LIST OF QUALITIES TO DESCRIBE THAT INDIVIDUAL. THESE QUALITIES, OR __________, ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF WHAT WE UNDERSTAND TO BE AN INDIVIDUAL’S PERSONALITY.

attributes
traits
tendencies
features

Traits

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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PERSONALITY TRAITS IS NOT CONTAINED IN THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL?

extraversion/introversion
conscientiousness/ undirectedness
altruism/selfishness
openness to experience/non-openness

altruism/selfishness

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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PERSONALITY ‘TEST’ AND A PERSONALITY ‘INVENTORY’?

An inventory is longer and more scientifically rigorous than a test.
An inventory is given in a clinical setting, while a test is given in a counseling setting.
A test measures personalities along dimensions that are considered “right and wrong,” while an inventory makes no such judgments about an individual’s personality.
A test is a paper-and-pencil type of measure, while an inventory involves a conversation with a trained professional

An inventory is longer and more scientifically rigorous than a test.

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WHAT HAS RESEARCH FOUND ABOUT THE HERITABILITY OF TRAITS IDENTIFIED BY TRAIT THEORIES?

Traits only show heritability for family members who are raised in the same household. Otherwise there is no type of research that can investigate personality heritability.
Traits only show heritability for identical twins, since they are genetic clones. Relatives without the exact same genetic heritage show no real personality heritability.
Traits tend to be heritable, as demonstrated by the fact that the closer two people are genetically, the greater their trait similarity.
Personality is 90% genetic, so those who don’t want to turn into their own parents are out of luck.

Traits tend to be heritable, as demonstrated by the fact that the closer two people are genetically, the greater their trait similarity.

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07
SIGMUND FREUD IS THE ORIGINAL THEORIST WHOSE WORK INFLUENCED THE __________ PERSPECTIVE OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT.

psychodynamic
psychodevelopmental
sociocognitive
trait

psychodynamic

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YOUNG DESIRAE IS ALWAYS ASKING HER MOTHER FOR THINGS. “MOMMY, CAN I HAVE A COOKIE?” “MOMMY, CAN I HAVE A NEW TOY?” “MOMMY, CAN I HAVE A DRINK OF WATER?” “MOMMY, I WANT TO STAY UP LATE.” THE FACT THAT DESIRAE IS NOT AT ALL INTERESTED IN WHAT HER MOMMY WANTS, AND INSTEAD FOCUSES ONLY ON HER OWN PLEASURE NEEDS, SUGGESTS THAT SHE OPERATES MOSTLY FROM THE __________ COMPONENT OF HER PERSONALITY.

id
ego
egocentric
superego

I’d

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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT ONE OF THE WAYS THAT PEOPLE DEAL WITH THEIR ANXIETY, ACCORDING TO THEORIST KAREN HORNEY?

By becoming submissive
By becoming aggressive
By becoming codependent
By detaching

By becoming codependent

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IF YOU WERE TO GO INTO A SPECIALIST’S OFFICE FOR A PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT AND SHE SHOWED YOU SOME CARDS WITH PICTURES ON THEM, ASKING YOU TO TELL HER A STORY ABOUT EACH PICTURE YOU WOULD BE TAKING THE ___________ TEST.

Rorschach Inkblot
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
California Personality
Thematic Apperception

Thematic Apperception

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11
ONE CRITICISM OF THE RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST IS THAT:

it only used black and white inkblots.
it is too brief and requires no real training to administer.
it seems like an unreliable and subjective way to assess the unconscious mind.
it is too outdated and does not reflect the personalities of the 21st century

it seems like an unreliable and subjective way to assess the unconscious mind.

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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A COMPONENT OF THE HUMANISTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY?

Archetypes
Self-concept
Self-theory
Unconditional positive regard

Archetypes

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“NO MATTER WHAT YOU DO, NO MATTER WHERE YOU GO, YOU WILL ALWAYS BE MY SON, AND I WILL ALWAYS LOVE YOU,” CARTER’S MOTHER TOLD HIM AS HE SET OFF TO MAKE HIS WAY IN THE WORLD. BASED ON THIS PARTING STATEMENT, WE CAN ASSUME THAT CARTER HAS BEEN RAISED WITH WHAT CARL ROGERS CALLS:

unconditional positive regard
conditions of worth
learned helplessness
healthy defense mechanisms

unconditional positive regard

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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING FALLS RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE HIERARCHY OF NEEDS?

Attachment needs
Safety and security needs
Self-esteem needs
Physiological needs

Attachment

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WHICH THEORY OF PERSONALITY HAS BEEN GENERALLY LAUDED FOR BEING THE MOST OPTIMISTIC OF THE MAJOR THEORIES?

Psychodynamic theory
Personal control theory
Social cognitive theory
Humanistic theory

Humanistic theory

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THE __________ OF CONTROL REFERS TO A PERSON’S PERCEPTION OF WHETHER HE OR SHE HAS CONTROL OVER A GIVEN SITUATION.

locus
sense
direction
element

locus

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AN OUTCOME __________ IS A PERSON’S ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE CONSEQUENCES OF HIS OR HER OWN BEHAVIOR.

presumption.
anticipation
prediction
expectancy

expectancy

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PERHAPS YOU’VE READ A DIFFICULT STORY ABOUT A WOMAN WHO WAS IN AN ABUSIVE RELATIONSHIP FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME. PERHAPS YOU’VE ALSO WONDERED, EVEN MOMENTARILY, “WHY DID SHE STAY WITH THAT PERSON IF THEY WERE ABUSIVE?” BASED ON YOUR READING, WHICH THEORY WOULD DO THE BEST JOB OF EXPLAINING WHY PEOPLE STAY IN ABUSIVE RELATIONSHIPS?

The theory of Freudian defense mechanisms
The theory of learned helplessness
The theory of the hierarchy of needs
The theory of the locus of control

The theory of learned helplessness

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WHY IS IT SO DIFFICULT TO CREATE A TRULY GLOBAL MEASURE OF PERSONALITY?

Because there are fundamental differences in the way Western and non-Western cultures understand personality that are influenced by various cultural factors.
Because the different languages in different cultures do not always have words that can be translated equivalently and thus there is no way to measure personality uniformly across cultures.
Because concepts like self-efficacy, unconditional positive regard, and reciprocal determinism have been found to have no statistical validity in any culture outside of the United States of America.
Because the theories of Sigmund Freud created such a backlash against American personality theorists in the early 1900s that there has been no reconciliation of theories from different cultures.

Because there are fundamental differences in the way Western and non-Western cultures understand personality that are influenced by various cultural factors.

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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS ONE OF THE GREATEST STRENGTHS OF THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE OF PERSONALITY?

It recognizes that the five stages of psychosexual development can, in fact, be progressed through without fixation, struggle, or strife.
It offers strategies for a person to improve his or her own life, as it recognizes the importance of the individual in the construction of his or her own reality.
It offers hope to each human being that self-actualization is a reasonable and attainable goal.
It suggests that the genetic limitations with which we are born can be overcome.

It offers strategies for a person to improve his or her own life, as it recognizes the importance of the individual in the construction of his or her own reality.

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THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH A PERSON UNDERSTANDS AND CATEGORIZES THE BEHAVIOR OF OTHERS IS CALLED SOCIAL __________.

indexing
interpretation
perception
licensing

perception

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ACCORDING TO HEIDER’S ATTRIBUTION THEORY, WHEN WE COME ACROSS A BEHAVIOR WE DON’T IMMEDIATELY UNDERSTAND, EITHER IN OTHERS OR IN OURSELVES, HOW DO WE SEEK TO UNDERSTAND OR EXPLAIN THOSE BEHAVIORS?

We try to decide how best to change that behavior so that it is consistent with our current understanding.
We try to figure out how the behavior was influenced by a person’s cultural background.
We try to figure out if the person doing the behavior had favorable or malicious intents.
We try to figure out if the behaviors were caused by internal factors or external situations.

We try to figure out if the behaviors were caused by internal factors or external situations.

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A PREEXISTING __________ IS A SET OF IDEAS OF BELIEFS ABOUT OTHERS THAT LEADS A PERSON TO PERCEIVE OTHERS IN A WAY THAT CONFORMS TO THAT PERSON’S EXPECTATIONS.

structure
bias
schema
notion

schema

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HAVE YOU EVER FAILED AN EXAM AND BLAMED THE TEACHER FOR NOT DOING A GOOD JOB OF CLARIFYING THE MATERIAL OR FOR WRITING AN UNFAIR EXAM? MAYBE YOU GOT A BETTER GRADE ON THE NEXT TEST AND CONGRATULATED YOURSELF FOR YOUR STUDY SKILLS, YOUR INTELLIGENCE, AND YOUR TREMENDOUS EFFORT. THIS MIGHT BE CONSIDERED AN EXAMPLE OF THE __________ BIAS.

attributional
self-serving
attentiveness
self-induced effort

Study These Flashcards

self-serving

05 RESEARCH INTO SOCIAL __________ FOCUSES ON THE UNDERLYING PROCESSES, SUCH AS ATTENTION AND MEMORY, WHICH MAKE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR POSSIBLE. influence cognition persuasion functionality

Cognition

THERE IS A FAMOUS BOOK THAT WAS PUBLISHED IN 1985 ENTITLED THE MAN WHO MISTOOK HIS WIFE FOR A HAT THAT DOCUMENTED A CASE OF AN INDIVIDUAL WHO WAS SUDDENLY UNABLE TO RECOGNIZE THE FEATURES OF HIS WIFE’S FACE. THIS CONDITION IS CALLED __________. mentalized facial amnesia fusiform facial agnosia prosopagnosia the Pygmalion effect

prosopagnosia

07 _________IS A PERSON’S UNDERSTANDING THAT HIS OR HER BEHAVIOR AND THAT OF OTHERS REFLECTS A PERSON’S MENTAL STATES. Attributing Cognitizing Mentalizing Caetgorizing

Mentalizing

__________ NEURONS HELP US IN MENTALIZING, AS THEY FIRE BOTH WHEN WE PERFORM AN ACTION AND WHEN WE WATCH OTHERS PERFORMING THAT SAME ACTION. THIS, IN TURN, HELPS US RELATE OUR ACTIONS AND INTENTIONS TO THOSE OF OTHERS. Efferent Afferent Reciprocal Mirror

Mirror

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A MOTIVE THAT IS LINKED TO THE CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL PRESSURE AND INFLUENCE? Accumulation motive Hedonic motive Approval Motive Accuracy Motive

Accumulation motive

WHAT HAS RESEARCH FOUND ABOUT THE NEARLY UNIVERSAL HUMAN DESIRE TO BE ACCEPTED AND WELL-LIKED BY OTHERS? Wanting to be well-liked by others is an entirely psychological phenomenon that has nothing to do with our physical well-being. Wanting to be well-liked by others helps us survive by boosting health and reducing vulnerability to illness. Those who are isolated from society but who are happy in their isolation are as healthy as others, suggesting that the approval motive is not, in fact, universal. Society is becoming more and more tolerant of people who are on the “fringe” of normal and accepted behavior because the desire to be well-liked overwhelms the desire to judge others.

Wanting to be well-liked by others helps us survive by boosting health and reducing vulnerability to illness.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS IS MOST LIKELY TO RESULT IN RESISTANCE TO THE EFFECTS OF CONFORMITY? Having no prior commitment to a particular response or position Having a need for the admiration of others Feelings of competence and personal security Being asked to make a decision that is low in personal relevance.

eelings of competence and personal security

12 IF YOU ARE DRIVING ALONG AND YOU GET A FLAT TIRE, IN WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUMSTANCES ARE YOU MOST LIKELY TO RECEIVE HELP? If you are on the side of a busy highway and you open your trunk lid to indicate that there is a problem. If you are on a remote country road where only one or two cars drive by each hour. If you are near a crowded park where there are a lot of people picnicking. If you are in the parking lot of a movie theater right after a popular, sold-out movie lets out.

If you are on a remote country road where only one or two cars drive by each hour.

THE OBEDIENCE EXPERIMENT THAT DEMONSTRATED THE DANGERS OF OBEDIENCE WAS CONDUCTED IN THE 1960S BY PSYCHOLOGIST __________. Phillip Zimbardo Solomon Asch Stanley Milgram Muzafer Sherif

Milgram

__________ IS A CHANGE IN A PERSON’S BEHAVIOR THAT OCCURS IN RESPONSE TO A DIRECT REQUEST. Compliance Obedience Conformity Influence

Compliance

THE __________ EFFECT IS A PHENOMENON THAT OCCURS WHEN A PERSON FORGETS THE UNRELIABLE SOURCE OF A PIECE OF INFORMATION BUT REMEMBERS THE INFORMATION ITSELF. THIS LEAVES THAT INDIVIDUAL WITH THE IMPRESSION THAT THE INFORMATION IS, IN FACT, TRUSTWORTHY AND RELIABLE EVEN THOUGH IT MAY NOT BE. perseveration sleeper peripheral route elaboration likelihood

sleeper

ONE FORM OF A SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY IS CALLED A STEREOTYPE __________, WHERE PEOPLE WHO ARE AWARE OF A NEGATIVE STEREOTYPE DIRECTED AGAINST THEM MIGHT PERFORM DOWN TO THE LEVEL OF EXPECTATION THAT THEY BELIEVE EXISTS ABOUT THEM. exposure bias threat confirmation

Threat

IN NEW YORK CITY, A BASKETBALL LEAGUE WAS DEVISED TO CREATE FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN GROUPS OF YOUNG BLACK BOYS AND YOUNG JEWISH BOYS. BECAUSE THESE KIDS ALL HAD TO WORK TOGETHER TO CREATE FRIENDLY COMPETITION AND A FUN ENVIRONMENT, THE PREJUDICES THAT EXISTED BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS SLOWLY STARTED TO FADE AWAY. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE __________ EFFECT. counterprejudice jigsaw classroom just-world mere exposure

mere exposure

THE FRUSTRATION-__________ HYPOTHESIS STATES THAT FRUSTRATION OCCURS WHEN PEOPLE FEEL BLOCKED IN OBTAINING THEIR GOALS. resistance aggression compliance surrender

aggression

A __________ IS A SITUATION IN WHICH CONFLICTING PARTIES ALL TRY TO WIN A CONFLICT BY ENGAGING IN MUTUALLY DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIORS, RESULTING IN NO ONE WINNING. stalemate counteraction social trap genocide

social

20 STANLEY WAS SITTING ON HIS FRONT PORCH WHEN HE SAW A CHILD RUN INTO THE STREET AFTER A STRAY BALL. THE CHILD DID NOT SEE THAT THERE WAS A CAR COMING, AND STANLEY KNEW SOMETHING VERY BAD WAS ABOUT TO HAPPEN. HE JUMPED OFF OF HIS PORCH, RAN INTO THE STREET, AND JUST SNATCHED THE CHILD OUT OF THE WAY BEFORE THE CAR HIT THEM. STANLEY AND THE CHILD WERE FINE, BUT HIS ACTION, TAKEN WITHOUT CONCERN FOR HIS OWN SAFETY, IS AN EXAMPLE OF __________. altruism self-sacrifice prosocial behavior collectivism

altruism

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS REPRESENTS THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF AWARENESS OR ALERTNESS? Alter state of consciousness Minimal consciousness Self-consciousness Full consciousness

Full consciousness

“THINKING ABOUT YOUR OWN THOUGHTS” IS CALLED __________. self-consciousness minimal consciousness reversed cognition metacognition

Meta cognition

FREUD BELIEVED THAT WE BURY INFORMATION IN THE UNCONSCIOUS THROUGH THE PROCESS OF __________. subconsciousizing actualization denial repression

repression

THE __________ CONTROL FUNCTION IS AN ASPECT OF CONSCIOUSNESS THAT HELPS PEOPLE INHIBIT URGES THEY HAVE THAT ARE NOT MORAL, ETHICAL, OR PRACTICAL; IT EQUIPS PEOPLE WITH THE CONSCIOUS SELF-AWARENESS NECESSARY TO ANALYZE AND EVALUATE THEIR THOUGHTS BEFORE THEY ACT ON THOSE THOUGHTS. executive conscious discriminatory conscience

executive

THE __________ RHYTHM IS A BIOLOGICAL CLOCK THAT REGULATES BODY FUNCTIONS ON A 24-HOUR CYCLE. REM melatonic circadian K-complex

Circadian

HOW MANY STAGES OF SLEEP ARE THERE IN HUMAN BEINGS? 3 4 5 6

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PHYSICAL EVENTS DOES NOT OCCUR DURING REM SLEEP? Heart rate increases Muscular tension increases as dream activity becomes more intense Breathing becomes rapid and irregular Eyes begin darting around behind the eyelids every 30 seconds or so

Muscular tension increases as dream activity becomes more intense

AROUND THE SAME TIME EVERY SEMESTER, PROFESSOR MARTINEZ NOTICES THAT STUDENT ABSENTEEISM STARTS TO INCREASE; SPECIFICALLY, STUDENTS REPORT BEING SICK MORE AROUND MIDTERM EXAM TIME AND AROUND THE END OF THE SEMESTER. WHAT IS MOST LIKELY CONTRIBUTING TO THIS INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS MISSING CLASSES? ``` Students are skipping class because they are taking class time to study for exams and complete projects. Students are getting less sleep, which makes them more susceptible to illness. Students are missing classes because they are experiencing the dread of the exams, and this causes a temporary “school phobia” situation. Students are missing classes because they feel that the class lectures that precede midterm and final exams are not as important as studying on their own. ```

Students are getting less sleep, which makes them more susceptible to illness.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SLEEP DISORDERS IS MOST COMMONLY SEEN IN CHILDREN? sleep apnea narcolepsy night terrors insomnia

ight terrors

ACCORDING TO SIGMUND FREUD, THE __________ CONTENT OF A DREAM REFERS TO WHAT WE EXPLICITLY REMEMBER ABOUT A DREAM, INCLUDING ITS STORYLINE, CHARACTERS, AND DETAILS. hidden manifest latent lucid

manifest

ABDULKADIR HAD A VERY STRANGE THING HAPPEN TO HIM LAST NIGHT. HE WAS SOUND ASLEEP IN BED, AND HE WAS DREAMING THAT HE WAS AT A PARTY WHEN HE WON THE $250 MILLION DOLLAR LOTTERY SPIN. AS EVERYONE WAS SCREAMING, JUMPING UP AND DOWN, AND CELEBRATING, ABDULKADIR HAD THE STRANGEST SENSATION THAT HE WAS ACTUALLY DREAMING. AS IT TURNS OUT, UNFORTUNATELY, HE WAS RIGHT. WHAT PRINCIPLE EXPLAINS THIS EXPERIENCE? lucid dreaming conscious dreaming unconscious dreaming sentient dreaming

lucid dreaming

ACCORDING TO SIGMUND FREUD, OUR INNER CONFLICTS AND UNCONSCIOUS DESIRES CAN BE IDENTIFIED AND ANALYZED THROUGH __________. reflective listening meditation the use of psychotropic medications dream interpretation.

dream interpretation.

THE ACTIVATION-__________ THEORY OF DREAMING STATES THAT DREAMS ARE THE RESULT OF THE BRAIN’S ATTEMPT TO MAKE SENSE OF RANDOM NEURAL ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY WHILE WE SLEEP. information processing synthesis lucidity

synthesis

CREDIT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TECHNIQUES OF MODERN HYPNOSIS GOES TO __________. Sigmund Freud Josef Breuer Anton Mesmer Jean Charcot

Anton Mesmer

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS IS THE MOST ACCURATE WITH REGARD TO HYPNOSIS? Everyone can be hypnotized, whether they are open to the experience or not. Different people have different levels of hypnotic susceptibility. Hypnosis is a scam – a parlor game – that is used to give the illusion of some sort of effective intervention. People who think they cannot be hypnotized are actually the easiest to hypnotize.

Different people have different levels of hypnotic susceptibility.

A __________ SUGGESTION IS AN INSTRUCTION THAT IS MADE DURING HYPNOSIS THAT IS EXECUTED BY THE PARTICIPANT WHEN HE OR SHE IS NO LONGER HYPNOTIZED. hypnotic analgesic posthypnotic phasic post-hoc

posthypnotic

HYPNOTIC __________ CONSISTS OF PAIN RELIEF THROUGH HYPNOSIS. suggestion hypoplasia anesthesia analgesia

analgesia

WHAT SORT OF CHANGES IN BRAIN WAVES DO PEOPLE EXPERIENCE WHEN THEY ARE IN A DEEPLY MEDITATIVE OR RELAXED STATE? Their brain shows brain wave activity that approximates the changes associated with the ingestion of a hallucinatory drug, like marijuana or PCP. Their brain shows brain wave activity that is similar to that seen during sleep. Their brain shows brain wave activity that actually shuts down completely for brief periods of time, which explains the transcendental state associated with meditation. Their brain shows unchanged brain wave activity, suggesting that the effects of meditation are more of a psychiatric illusion than a physical event.

Their brain shows brain wave activity that is similar to that seen during sleep.

WHILE MANY EASTERN CULTURES AND RELIGIOUS VALUE MEDITATION AS A WAY OF DIRECTION CONSCIOUSNESS AWAY FROM WORLDLY PREOCCUPATIONS, _________ MEDITATION INVOLVES A FOCUSED AWARENESS OF EVERYTHING YOU EXPERIENCE. hyperalert omnipresent sentient mindfulness

mindfulness

Chapter 13 Flashcards

(59 cards)