Chapter 11

Question 1

A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities

Answer 1

Addition rule

Question 2

Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects

Answer 2

Allele

Question 3

And genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessive Allele inherited disorder. The heterozygote is generally phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring

Answer 3

Carrier

Question 4

An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals

Answer 4

Character

Question 5

The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype and separate, distinguishable ways

Answer 5

Co-dominance

Question 6

The situation in which the phenotypes of a heterozygote and dominant homozygotes are indistinguishable

Answer 6

Complete dominance

Question 7

A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated

Answer 7

Cystic fibrosis

Question 8

An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from across between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are these. For example, parents of AABB and aabb genotypes produce this of genotype AaBb

Answer 8

Dihybrid

Question 9

A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed 

Answer 9

Dihybrid cross

Question 10

An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote

Answer 10

Dominant allele

Question 11

A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited genes

Answer 11

Epistasis

Question 12

The first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross

Answer 12

F1 generation

Question 13

The offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation

Answer 13

F2 generation

Question 14

The genetic make up, or set of alleles, of an organism

Answer 14

Genotype

Question 15

Having two different alleles for a given gene

Answer 15

Heterozygous

Question 16

An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene (encoding a character)

Answer 16

Homozygote

Question 17

Having two identical alleles for a given gene

Answer 17

Homozygous

Question 18

A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms

Answer 18

Huntington’s disease

Question 19

In genetics, the meeting, or crossing, of two true breeding varieties

Answer 19

Hybridization

Question 20

The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele

Answer 20

Incomplete dominance

Question 21

Mendel’s second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregate, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes

Answer 21

Law of independent assortment

Question 22

Mendels first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other into different gametes) during gamete formation

Answer 22

Law of segregation

Question 23

An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are these. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa and produce this type of genotype Aa

Answer 23

Mono hybrid

Question 24

A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self pollination of a heterozygous plant)

Answer 24

Mono hybrid cross

Question 25

Referring to a phenotype character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors

Answer 25

Multi factorial

Question 26

A rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities

Answer 26

Multiplication rule

Question 27

A true breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for parental

Answer 27

P generation

Question 28

A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters and parents and offspring over multiple generations

Answer 28

Pedigree

Question 29

The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic make up

Answer 29

Phenotype

Question 30

The ability of a single gene to have multiple affects

Answer 30

Pleiotropy 

Question 31

An addictive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

Answer 31

Polygenic inheritance

Question 32

A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic cross is between individuals of known genotype

Answer 32

Punnet square

Question 33

A heritable feature that varies continuously over arrange rather than in an either- or fashion

Answer 33

Quantitative character

Question 34

An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote

Answer 34

Recessive allele

Question 35

A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the beta globin Jean causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms and affected individuals

Answer 35

Sickle cell disease

Question 36

A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years

Answer 36

Yay-Sachs disease

Question 37

Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals a unknown genotype

Answer 37

Test cross

Question 38

One of two or more detectable variance in a genetic character

Answer 38

Trait

Question 39

Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self pollination

Answer 39

True breeding