Chapter 4

Question 1

A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist heilically about each other, forming micro filaments in muscle and other kinds of cells

Answer 1

Actin

Question 2

A eukaryotic cell structure consisting of a 9+0 arrangement of microtubules triplets. The basal body may organize a microtubule assembly of a cillium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole

Answer 2

Basal body

Question 3

The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds

Answer 3

Cell fractionation

Question 4

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharide such as cellulose(in plants and some protists), chitin (in fungi) and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are important structural components of cell walls

Answer 4

Cell wall

Question 5

In a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances

Answer 5

Central vacuole

Question 6

A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles

Answer 6

Centriole

Question 7

A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has to centrioles

Answer 7

Centrosome

Question 8

An organelle found in plants and photo synthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive to synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

Answer 8

Chloroplast

Question 9

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of a very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope

Answer 9

Chromatin

Question 10

A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules (And some context, such as genome sequencing, the term may refer to the DNA alone.) A eukaryotic cell typically has multiple, linear chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus. A prokaryotic cell often has a single, circular chromosome, which is found in a nucleoid, a region that is not enclosed by membrane

Answer 10

Chromosome

Question 11

A short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. A motile cillium is specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the sell; it is formed from the core of nine other doublet microtubules and 2 inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. A primary cillium is usually nonmotile in place of sensory and second signaling roll; It lacks the two inner microtubules

Answer 11

Cillium

Question 12

A glycoprotein in the extra cellular matrix of animal cells that form strong fibers, found extensively and connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom

Answer 12

Collagen

Question 13

A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists

Answer 13

Contractile vacuole

Question 14

An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The inner membrane houses electron transport chain and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP

Answer 14

Crista

Question 15

The contents of the cell enclosed by the plasma membrane; and eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus

Answer 15

Cytoplasm

Question 16

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extends through out the cytoplasm and serves a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions

Answer 16

Cytoskeleton

Question 17

Semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm

Answer 17

Cytosol

Question 18

Cillia and Flagella, a large motor protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in dynein shape that lead to the bending of cilia and flagella

Answer 18

Dynein

Question 19

A microscope that uses magnets to focus and electron beam on or through a specimen, resulting in a practical resolution 100 fold greater than that of a light microscope using standard techniques. A transmission electron microscope is used to study the enternal structure of thin sections of cells. Scanning electron microscope is used to study the fine details of social services services

Answer 19

Electron microscope

Question 20

The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles

Answer 20

Endomembrane system

Question 21

An extensive membranous Netwerk and eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions

Answer 21

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 22

 The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplast, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by host cells. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism

Answer 22

Endosymbiont theory

Question 23

A type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes

Answer 23

Eukaryotic cell

Question 24

The meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells

Answer 24

Extracellular matrix

Question 25

An extra cellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attached to the extra cellular matrix

Answer 25

Fibronectin

Question 26

A long cellular appendage specialize for Loco motion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic Fagella have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules and she used in an extension of the plasma membrane. Prokaryotic flagella have a different structure

Answer 26

Flagellum

Question 27

A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of micro organisms or particles to be used as food by the cell

Answer 27

Food vacuole

Question 28

Approaching with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates

Answer 28

Glycoprotein

Question 29

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of fat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably non-cellulose carbohydrates

Answer 29

Golgi apparatus

Question 30

A stack of membrane bounded thylakoids and in the chloroplast. Grana function and the light reactions of photosynthesis

Answer 30

Granum

Question 31

In animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnects the extra cellular matrix and cytoskeleton

Answer 31

Integrin 

Question 32

A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments

Answer 32

Intermediate filament

Question 33

An optical instrument with lenses that refract visible light to magnified images of specimens

Answer 33

Light microscope

Question 34

A membrane enclosed sack of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists

Answer 34

Lysosome

Question 35

A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making a part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also known as an actin filament

Answer 35

Microfilament

Question 36

A hollow Rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella

Answer 36

Microtubule

Question 37

And plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells

Answer 37

Middle lamella

Question 38

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA

Answer 38

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 39

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as a site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP

Answer 39

Mitochondrion

Question 40

A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of a cell

Answer 40

Motor protein

Question 41

A type of motor proteins associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments, causing cell contraction

Answer 41

Myosin

Question 42

In a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pours that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the Endo plasmic reticulum

Answer 42

Nuclear envelope

Question 43

Annette like a ray of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of a nucleus

Answer 43

Nuclear lamina

Question 44

A non membrane enclosed region and a prokaryotic cell where it’s chromosome is located

Answer 44

Nucleoid

Question 45

A specialized structure in the nucleus consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from a cytoplasm; site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

Answer 45

Nucleolus

Question 46

An atom central core, containing protons and neutrons. The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up for chromatin. A cluster of neurons

Answer 46

Nucleus

Question 47

Any of several kinds of membrane enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells

Answer 47

Organelle

Question 48

An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide

Answer 48

Peroxisome 

Question 49

A type of endocytosis and which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals

Answer 49

Phagocytosis

Question 50

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cells chemical composition

Answer 50

Plasma membrane

Question 51

An open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells

Answer 51

Plasmodesma

Question 52

One of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplast, chromoplast, and amyloplast. Plastids are found in the cells a photo synthetic eukaryotes

Answer 52

Plastid

Question 53

Implants, a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds a plasma membrane of a young cell

Answer 53

Primary cell wall

Question 54

A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells are called prokaryotes

Answer 54

Prokaryotic cell

Question 55

A large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found an extra cellular matrix of animal cells. A proteoglycan may consist up to 95% carbohydrate

Answer 55

Proteoglycan

Question 56

A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consist of a large subunit and a small subunit. And eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in a nucleolus

Answer 56

Ribosome

Question 57

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached

Answer 57

Rough ER

Question 58

A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample, coded with metal atoms, to study details of its topography

Answer 58

Scanning electron microscope

Question 59

In plant cells, a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and that provides protection and support

Answer 59

Secondary cell wall

Question 60

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes

Answer 60

Smooth ER

Question 61

The dance fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

Answer 61

Stroma

Question 62

A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; there membranes contain molecular machinery used to convert light energy to chemical energy

Answer 62

Thylakoid

Question 63

A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections stained with metal atoms and is primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells

Answer 63

Transmission electron microscope

Question 64

A small membranous sac in a eukaryotes cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell

Answer 64

Transport vesicle

Question 65

A membrane bounded vesicle his specialized function varies in different kinds of cells

Answer 65

Vacuole

Question 66

A membrane a sock in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

Answer 66

Vesicle