Chapter 6

Question 1

The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation

Answer 1

Activation energy

Question 2

The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate, and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs

Answer 2

Active site

Question 3

The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein, a different site

Answer 3

Allosteric regulation

Question 4

A metabolic pathway that consumers energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules

Answer 4

Anabolic pathway

Question 5

And adenine containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when it’s phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

Answer 5

ATP

Question 6

(1)The overflow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms.

Answer 6

Bioenergetics

Question 7

A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules

Answer 7

Catabolic pathway

Question 8

A process by which a chemical agent called a catalyst selectively increases the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Answer 8

Catalysis

Question 9

A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Answer 9

Catalyst

Question 10

Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy

Answer 10

Chemical energy

Question 11

An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes and metabolic reactions.

Answer 11

Coenzyme

Question 12

Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Co-factors can be permanently bound to the active site, or may bind, loosely and reversibly, along with the substrate, during catalisisis.

Answer 12

Cofactor

Question 13

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics

Answer 13

Competitive inhibitor

Question 14

A kind of allosteric regulation, whereby a shape change, and one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding, is transmitted to all the other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits

Answer 14

Cooperativity

Question 15

A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings

Answer 15

Endergonic reaction

Question 16

The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force)

Answer 16

Energy

Question 17

And cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

Answer 17

Energy coupling

Question 18

A measure of disorder, or randomness

Answer 18

Entropy

Question 19

A macromolecule, serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins.

Answer 19

Enzyme

Question 20

A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule

Answer 20

Enzyme substrate complex

Question 21

A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy

Answer 21

Exergonic reaction

Question 22

A method of metabolic control, in which the end products of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway

Answer 22

Feedback inhibition

Question 23

The principle of conservation of energy: energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

Answer 23

First law of thermodynamics

Question 24

The portion of a biological systems, energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.

Answer 24

Free energy

Question 25

Thermal, energy and transfer from one body of matter to another

Answer 25

Heat

Question 26

Caused by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, so that it binds more snuggly to the substrate

Answer 26

Induced fit

Question 27

The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter, can perform work by imparting motion to other matter

Answer 27

Kinetic energy

Question 28

A series of chemical reactions that either build a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules

Answer 28

Metabolic pathway

Question 29

The totality of an organisms, chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which change the material and energy resources of the organism

Answer 29

Metabolism

Question 30

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location, remote from the active site, changing the enzyme shape, so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product

Answer 30

Noncompetitive inhibitor

Question 31

A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group, convalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the phosphorylated molecule

Answer 31

Phosphorylated intermediate

Question 32

The energy, that matter processes, as a result of its location or spatial arrangement

Answer 32

Potential energy

Question 33

The principle, stating that every energy transfer or transformation, increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy, or at least partially converted to head.

Answer 33

Second law of thermodynamics

Question 34

A process that occurs without an overall input of energy; a process that is energetically favorable

Answer 34

Spontaneous process

Question 35

The reactant on which an enzyme works

Answer 35

Substrate

Question 36

Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy and is most random form. She also heat.

Answer 36

Thermal energy

Question 37

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. She also first law of thermodynamics; second law of thermodynamics.

Answer 37

Thermodynamics