Chapter 11 Flashcards
(41 cards)
Beringia Refuge hypothesis
A theory of the population and settlement of the
Americas.
stage 1: Beringia Refuge hypothesis
migrants from Asia reached Beringia, experienced a moderate reduction in genetic variation, and then continued down the west coast of the
Americas
stage 2: Beringia Refuge hypothesis
Asian migrants in
Beringia became trapped during the Last Glacial Maximum. A more serious genetic bottleneck occurred, and these people eventually populated the far northern American regions.
bias of the book
The biased interpretation of history presented in the writings of literate peoples when writing about non-literate peoples.
caries
The decay and crumbling of a tooth or bone.
Clovis First
The theory that the Clovis people were the first to settle the Americas, around 13,000–13,500 years ago.
Coastal Migration hypothesis
The theory that the first people to settle in the
Americas took a route following the West Coast along shores now under water.
cribra orbitalia
Porous lesions of the orbital roof of the frontal bone
genetic bottleneck
A situation in which either only a few genetic variants are able to pass through some kind of natural geographic barrier or (more generally) a significant percentage of a geographic population or
species is prevented from reproducing.
geofacts
Items created by nature, not by humans.
Great Zimbabwe
A series of huge granite edifices, including a large wall known as the Great Enclosure, built by the ancestors of the Shona
people of southern Africa (specifically Zimbabwe) between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.
Kennewick Man
The remains of a skeleton that were discovered along the banks of the Columbia River in 1996, dated to 9,330–9,580 ya
NAGPRA
The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.
periosteum
The dense connective tissue that forms a membrane at the
outer surface of bones
Spirit Cave mummy
A mummy discovered in Nevada in the 1940s, radiocarbon dated to 9,430 ± 60 years ago. The teeth show signs of sinodonty and craniometry suggesting similarity to the Ainu
Monte Verde
A significant pre-Clovis site in Chile. A peat bog has allowed many organic materials to be preserved.
trophies of science
the way in which indigenous peoples dead remains are treated, while non-Aboriginal remains are treated with respect.
The Accidental Mummies
of Guanajuato
Mexican museum exhibit that went on a US tour. These mummies were dug up during a period from 1896 to 1958 when relatives of the dead were required to pay a grave tax. The bodies of those who failed to pay were exhumed and put on display until the law changed in 1958.
Latin America Attitude towards the dead
human remains are excavated and
displayed without opposition in museums as a result of ‘Indianness’
Inca Mummies
naturally frozen mummies in the Andes mountains,
victims of sacrifices during the Inca Empire. found between 1995 and 1999.
Juanita (the ‘Ice Maiden’)
the first mummy discovered at 6,309
metres (20,700 ft.
Otzi The Iceman
In 1991, a frozen body was found on a mountain on the Austria–Italy border, dating to between 5,300 and 5,200 years ago.
The Bog Mummies of Europe
In northwestern Europe, hundreds of bodies have been found in peat bogs, dating from the final centuries BC to the first centuries AD.
Iron Age farmers that were murdered / sacrificed
Hypoplasias
are grooves, lines or pits in teeth that reflected arrested growth due
to poor nutrition and/or disease
