Chapter 10

Question 1

Ainu

Answer 1

The indigenous people of Japan

Question 2

Australoid

Answer 2

A racial term used to refer to the Aborigines of
Australia.

Question 3

brachycephalic

Answer 3

Having a high cephalic index, or a short and broad
skull.

Question 4

breeds

Answer 4

A subspecies, especially when referring to
domesticated animals

Question 5

Capoid

Answer 5

A racial term that is used to refer to the Khoisan
Bushmen of southern Africa.

Question 6

Caucasian (Caucasoid)

Answer 6

Denoting or having to do with white- or lightskinned people of European origin.

Question 7

cephalic (or cranial) index

Answer 7

The maximum width of a skull multiplied by
100 and divided by the maximum length of the
skull

Question 8

dolichocephalic

Answer 8

Having a low cephalic index, or a long skull.

Question 9

eugenics

Answer 9

The science of ‘improving’ a population by
controlling breeding to increase the occurrence of
desirable heritable characteristics.

Question 10

facial angle

Answer 10

The degree of protrusion of the lower face.

Question 11

Gloger’s rule

Answer 11

The rule stating that darker subspecies occur in
warmer and/or more humid climates, while light coloured subspecies are native to cooler and/or
drier climates.

Question 12

lactase

Answer 12

An enzyme that breaks down lactose into its
constituent sugars so that they can be absorbed
by the body.

Question 13

mesocephalic

Answer 13

Having an intermediate cephalic index, or a skull
that is neither very long nor very short.

Question 14

Mongolian (Mongoloid)

Answer 14

A racial term used to refer to the people of East
Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Arctic areas of North
America.

Question 15

mutations

Answer 15

A term used by biologists to identify varieties within
a species

Question 16

Negritos

Answer 16

The indigenous or apparent first peoples of
Southeast Asia, found in the Andaman Islands,
Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and New
Guinea.

Question 17

non-metric variation

Answer 17

Variation that is not a matter of larger or smaller
but of distinctly different traits, such as hair or eye
colour.

Question 18

phase

Answer 18

A genetic or seasonal variety of an animals
coloration.

Question 19

plasticity

Answer 19

The potential of the cranium to change due to
environmental conditions, over time.

Question 20

racial time

Answer 20

the period of time in which humans have been
described and classified according to race (roughly
the last four to five centuries)

Question 21

sinodont

Answer 21

The pattern of dental traits said to be characteristic
of East Asians and Native Americans;
characterized by shovel-shaped incisors.

Question 22

sundadont

Answer 22

The generalized pattern of dental traits said to be
characteristic of Southeast Asians.

Question 23

Pure races

Answer 23

genetically homogenous
populations, do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past

Question 24

subspecies

Answer 24

geographical race, differing genetically and taxonomically from
other subdivisions of the species

Question 25

5 human subspecies

Answer 25

afer, americanus, asiaticus, europaeus, and monstrosus

Question 26

colour-coded racializing of humans

Answer 26

Caucasian (white), Mongolian (yellow), Malayan (brown), Negroid (black), American (red)

Question 27

races based on skull measurements

Answer 27

Caucasians, Mongolians, Americans (i.e. Aboriginal people), and Negroes

Question 28

Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus five separate times deep in time, producing five basic races:

Answer 28

Caucasoid, Negroid, Capoid, Mongoloid, Australoid.

Question 29

epicanthic eye fold

Answer 29

trait found in the San of Africa, Aboriginal groups like the Inuit, and the Andaman Islanders

Question 30

The race game

Answer 30

more variation within racial categories than there was between racial categories

Question 31

Individual variations

Answer 31

account for most of the differences between people. 85 percent of human variation was individual and occurring within populations the remaining 15 percent was distributed roughly equally between variation within and between races

Question 32

What Colour Was Homo sapiens Originally

Answer 32

‘one colour fits all’ adaptation for different environments is brown so the speculation is that H. sapiens started off brown

Question 33

How Quickly Did Colour Variation Begin?

Answer 33

AMH populations changed from darker to lighter soon after they began moving to different parts of the world. Taken place over 2,000–3,000 years

Question 34

rickets

Answer 34

condition that affects bone development in children. It causes bone pain, poor growth and soft, weak bones that can lead to bone deformities

Question 35

what causes rickets?

Answer 35

places with weak or insufficient sunlight, vitamin D deficiency

Question 36

Advantages to lighter skin

Answer 36

White skin allows more sunlight through, allowing more vitamin D for better bone health in cold/rainy areas

Question 37

Advantages to darker skin

Answer 37

Dark skin protects against skin cancer and the destruction of folic acid in those areas near the equator where the sun’s rays hit most directly and with the greatest heat. Less vitamin D absorbed into the skin. Reflets UV rays

Question 38

eye colour

Answer 38

brown: generalized, lighter colour: derived in many areas

Question 39

bey1 gene

Answer 39

(brown eye with one allele) produces brown eyes

Question 40

bey2

Answer 40

(brown eye with two alleles, brown and blue) brown is dominant, blue is recessive

Question 41

gey

Answer 41

chromosome 19 (green eye with two alleles, green and blue), green is dominant

Question 42

Irish have:

Answer 42

Highest rate of cystic fibrosis

Question 43

Ashkenazi Jews have

Answer 43

higher rate of breast cancer due to increased Mutations of two cancer-suppressing genes

Question 44

Sickle-cell Anemia

Answer 44

affects 1 out of every 500 African Americans, fatal for homozygous heterozygotes have an advantage as they are protected against malaria

Question 45

thalassemia

Answer 45

Mediterranean peoples, South and Southeast Asians. It makes one less susceptible to coronary heart disease and malaria.

Question 46

Tay–Sachs

Answer 46

brain and nerve disorder associated with Ashkenazi Jews. Autosomal recessive, strikes in infancy. Marriage and breeding endogamously over a long period of time is a cause.

Question 47

founder effect

Answer 47

when a small group of migrants—not genetically representative of the population from which they came—establish in a new area. reduction in genetic variation

Question 48

eugenics

Answer 48

good’ races and individuals should be encouraged to breed, while ‘bad’ races and individuals should be sexually sterilized

Question 49

The Thrifty Gene

Answer 49

Allows the body to hold on to its sugars longer. Individuals who have this gene can store calories in fatty tissues are better able to survive and reproduce in environments where there are frequent famines or chronic food shortage.

Question 50

Thrifty gene downfall

Answer 50

Type II diabetes from high-calorie 21st century western diet

Question 51

Lactose intolerance

Answer 51

greater amount of sunlight = less intolerance. Europeans effected at higher rates