Chapter 9

Question 1

acculturation

Answer 1

A social or cultural process through which members of
one society pick up the cultural traits of another

Question 2

Allen’s rule

Answer 2

warm-blooded species living in colder climates tend to have shorter limbs and appendages than in warmer climates

Question 3

Bergmann’s rule

Answer 3

species variants of larger and stockier size are found in the colder parts of the
species’ range, while those that are smaller and
slenderer are found in the warmer parts of the range

Question 4

Châtelperronian

Answer 4

A Mode-4 tool tradition associated with Neandertal, in
evidence especially in central and southwestern France and adjacent parts of northern Spain

Question 5

dental enamel hypoplasia

Answer 5

Striations or grooves in the tooth enamel, indicative of periods of time in which the individual has experienced a scarcity of food, some physical trauma, or a disease.

Question 6

Divje Babe flute/ famous fossil femur

Answer 6

An artifact discovered at the Divje Babe site in
Slovenia. Made from the 43,000 year old femur of a
bear cub, discoverer Ivan Turk believes that it is a flute created by a Neandertal.

Question 7

endotherms

Answer 7

Animals capable of maintaining a relatively
constant body temp that doesn’t vary significantly with external temperature.
‘warm-blooded’

Question 8

exotherms

Answer 8

cold blooded, temp changes with the external environment surrounding

Question 9

Feldhofer I (Neandertal I)

Answer 9

The first fossil specimen to be called Neandertal; found in the Kleine Feldhofer Grotto in the
Neander Valley, Germany, in 1856.

Question 10

foramen magnum

Answer 10

The hole in the base of the skull through which the
spinal cord passes from the spine to the brain.

Question 11

Lapedo Child

Answer 11

The skeleton of a child that is the first contender for
being a hybrid human-Neandertal. It was discovered in
Portugal and is believed to have lived around 24,500
years ago.

Question 12

occipital bun

Answer 12

An extension of the back bone of the skull, associated with the crania of Neandertal.

Question 13

palynologist

Answer 13

One who studies pollen

Question 14

Shanidar I

Answer 14

A male Neandertal fossil discovered in Shanidar Cave, Iraq. His skeleton showed that although he was severely disabled, he lived past the age of 30. This suggests that he was cared for by other Neandertals, evidence of Neandertal compassion

Question 15

Shanidar IV

Answer 15

A male Neandertal fossil discovered in Shanidar Cave, Iraq. The skeleton was found in a flexed position, and the surrounding soil contained large amounts of flower
pollen. This has been interpreted as a sign that he was buried with flowers.

Question 16

taxonomic question

Answer 16

Neandertal was
a subspecies of Homo sapiens + contributor to the modern
human gene pool?

Neandertal is a separate species in the gene pool? (modern evidence)

Question 17

why did Neandertal disappear?

Answer 17

1: ‘genocidal war’
and AMH physically conquered Neandertal.
2: Cro-Magnon more fit for environment
3: violent competition caused neandertals to move to harsh environment

Question 18

Neandertals in pop culture

Answer 18

displayed as someone oafish and unsophisticated, but awareness of of Neandertal in our past inspires human creativity

Question 19

Neandertal dating

Answer 19

beginning 250,000–200,000 ya, ending 28,000–24,000 ya

Question 20

hyperarctic

Answer 20

adaptations to a subarctic/arctic climate

Question 21

Gorham’s Cave

Answer 21

In the 1950s, Mousterian tools were found at Gorham’s Cave, Gibraltar, and the layers containing fire hearths were dated from 24,000 to 35,000 ya.
A relatively warm refuge with abundant resources,
not far from the nearest Cro-Magnon site. no evidence of the mixing
of tools

Question 22

The Romanian Evidence

Answer 22

A mandible and a cranium have been found in southwestern Romania, dating to around 35,000 ya. Both combine Cro-Magnon characteristics with features that are more common among Neandertals.

Question 23

Spanish Teeth

Answer 23

Neandertal mandibles from a 40,000–45,000-year-old site in Spain bear
features that are both ‘typical Neandertal’ and/or more closely associated with AMH