Chapter 8

Question 1

lumping vs splitting taxonomy of modern homo sapiens

Answer 1

Wood and Lonergan’s:
Lumpers:
homo sapiens
Splitters:
homo antecessor
H. cerparendis
H. nethandrathalists
H. sapiens

Question 2

Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH)

Answer 2

Humans who you wouldn’t’ recognize as being different.

Question 3

Behaviourally Modern Humans (BMH)

Answer 3

humans engaged in symbolic behaviour (e.g.
drawing, showing clear signs of belief in an afterlife, deliberate
burial of the dead, or taking part in other ‘typically human’ activities

Question 4

Mosaic evolution

Answer 4

major evolutionary change in a species takes place in stages, with one aspect of the species changing independently of the others

Question 5

Origin Theory 1:
Out of Africa

Answer 5

modern homo sapiens developed antigenically from and earlier species in Africa.

Question 6

Non recombinant genes

Answer 6

genes passed down from only one parent

Question 7

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 1

Answer 7

tracks evolutionary lines
(haplogroups) based on the fact that the mother is the sole provider of genetic content

Question 8

What does mtDNA show?

Answer 8

Everyone who possesses a particular suite of mutations will be
related

Question 9

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 2

Answer 9

mtDNA code is not
involved in construction; therefore, mutants will not die off because they cannot harm the physical form

Question 10

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 3

Answer 10

track change over relatively shorter
periods of time because mtDNA mutates faster than nuclear DNA, only 16,500 base pairs

Question 11

Mitochondrial Eve

Answer 11

hypothetical woman who first bore the mtDNA pattern that all currently living humans share, i.e. our most recent common ancestor (MRCA)

Question 12

Mitochondrial Eve study methods and findings

Answer 12

initial study sampled people from five geographical areas

Two primary branches of descent emerged:
entirely African and one that had all five geographical groups

mutations occurred at different rates with different parts of the
mtDNA

Question 13

common
ancestor date

Answer 13

171,500 ± 50,000

Question 14

Y chromosomes

Answer 14

evidence for Out of Africa hypothesis, y chromosome found dating about 60,000 to 90,000 ya

Question 15

2nd theory of origin: Multiregionalism

Answer 15

sees modern H. sapiens as having developed at roughly the same time in a number of different parts of the world, most notably Africa, China, and Indonesia

Question 16

Evidence of Multiregionalism

Answer 16

traditional ‘stones and
bones’, and an emphasis on the continuity of features in different regions eg. shovel-
shaped incisors of H. erectus with the same feature found in East Asians and the Aboriginal peoples of the Americas.

Question 17

3rd origin theory:
Clinal Replacement

Answer 17

geographically defined
populations with different gene frequencies (and physical traits) that
intergrade at the edge. Waves of cline movement over time.

Question 18

Mode 1 tools

Answer 18

Oldowan tradition.

Question 19

Mode 1: core tool

Answer 19

shaped through percussion by the use of a hammerstone;
little retouching is involved

Question 20

Mode 1: Flake tool

Answer 20

struck off

Question 21

Mode 2 tools:

Answer 21

Acheulean tradition. characterized by
symmetrical hand axes

Question 22

pressure flaking

Answer 22

stone tool
is shaped with gentle pressure by wood and bone implements. The toolmaker now has greater control over the process.

Question 22

Mode 4 tools 1

Answer 22

Aurignacian tools of the Upper Palaeolithic, associated with the Cro-Magnon version of
anatomically modern humans during the period 38,000 to 22,000 ya

Question 22

Mode 3

Answer 22

produced using the Levallois technique; the core is prepared into a tortoiseshell shape and then struck to pop off the flake tools.

Question 23

Mode 4 tools 2

Answer 23

the designated tool part is the blade that is struck off the core. Bone and ivory tools, artistic forms such as
statuettes, and jewellery.

Question 23

Mousterian

Answer 23

Neandertal version of Levallois technique

Question 24

homo heidelbergensis

Answer 24

fossils that used to be called simply archaic
Homo sapiens. mixture of derived H. sapiens and primitive H. erectus features.

Question 25

what does the bipartite brow ridge suggest?

Answer 25

possible characteristic of anatomically modern specimens.

Question 26

Heidelberg Jaw

Answer 26

mandible found in a sand pit in Germany, dates to
between 400,000 and 650,000 years ago. Jaw was chinless, broad and massive; the teeth were small like a regular human. The species Homo heidelbergensis was proposed as result

Question 27

Steinheim Skull

Answer 27

found in a quarry in Germany in 1933, dates to
between 350,000 and 250,000 years ago.
features are a mixture of archaic and modern. cranial capacity 1,110–1,200 cc. presented as a localized version of Homo
heidelbergensis

Question 28

Swanscombe Skull

Answer 28

cranial capacity of 1,325 cc, young female who lived between 200,000 and 400,000 ya, Acheulean hand axes are associated with the site, belonging to early Neanderthals or H. heidelbergensis species

Question 29

Petralona Skull

Answer 29

discovered in 1960 in a cave in Greece, dated at 160,000 to 400,000
ya. Large brow ridge, massive face, and 1,220 cc cranial capacity

Question 30

Arago XXI, or ‘Tautavel Man’

Answer 30

sloped, receding forehead, large brow ridges, and protruding
lower jaw, found in 1971 in Arago Cave in France

Question 31

Sima de los Huesos (the Pit of Bones)

Answer 31

Gran Dolina cave in
Spain contained 32 individuals dating between 400,000 and 600,000
ya. H. heidelbergensis species, Acheulean hand axe found here. Suggests ecological crisis that could only have been survived by the strongest population.

Question 32

Boxgrove Man

Answer 32

tools, faunal remains, and a tibia found between 1983 and 1994 at the Boxgrove site in England, dating 500,000 ya. The tibia belonging to a man 6 foot tall and 176 lbs in weight

Question 33

Gran Dolina

Answer 33

dating between 780,000 and 850,000 ya, found in gran Dolina cave in spain, oldest fossils in Europe next to the Dmanisi finds. Cut marks on the bones = earliest evidence of cannibalism. only Mode 1 tools found.

Question 34

Homo cepranensis

Answer 34

skullcap found in Italy, dating to between 800,000
and 900,000 ya. ‘morphological bridge’ between H.
erectus/ergaster and H. heidelbergensis

Question 35

The Schöningen Spears

Answer 35

Four wooden spears associated with stone tools and horse bones,
found in Germany, dating between 380,000 and 400,000 ya. One spear was embedded in a horse skeleton, cut marks
were evidence that some animals were butchered.
spears were constructed like modern javelins, would have required a muscular thrower. preserved over time in a peat bog.

Question 36

Cro Magnon

Answer 36

Five fossilized remains were found in a rock shelter in southwestern
France, dating at 40,000–10,000 ya. hominid. looked like us, with a slightly larger cranial capacity.
Cultural artifacts of the Aurignacian (Mode-4 tools)
found at site. (e.g. necklaces, bone needles, spears, cave art)

Question 37

Ancient mtDNA

Answer 37

2008 mtDNA from an Italian Cro-Magnon was analyzed. mtDNA pattern was common and shared with the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS)

Question 38

Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS)

Answer 38

the first mtDNA pattern ever sequenced, at Cambridge University in
1981. European sample containing evidence of continuity over time from
Cro-Magnon until now

Question 39

Klasies River

Answer 39

site in South Africa that consists of five caves dating from over 100,000
ya to around 70,000 ya. few human remains.
cut marks on cranial fragments suggesting
cannibalism. Progression of mode 3 to mode 4 tools seen here. Red ochre, an earth dye, may have been used to mark events (e.g. rites of passage) here. connected to the modern San or Bushmen

Question 40

Border Cave

Answer 40

The cranium was traditionally considered anatomically modern, recent date of 74,500 ± 5,000, brow ridges are protruding and not bipartite therefore the stone tools show transition from MSA to LSA.

Question 41

Eurocentrism

Answer 41

tendency to see things only from a European perspective,
or to generalize from European experience as though it were a universal
phenomenon