Chapter 11 Flashcards
1
Q
What are emotions
A
- mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation of our experience
2
Q
emotions include
A
physiological reactions, behaviour, and mental experiences
3
Q
Discrete emotions theory
A
- humans only experience a small set of primary emotions that are rooted in biology
- emotions are adapted; shaped through elevation
- argues emotion precedes thought
- each emotion is associated with a distinct motor program
4
Q
emotions in animals
A
have an uncanny resemblance to human emotions
5
Q
when do babies start to smile when they see a firmilar face
A
6 weeks
6
Q
when do babies smile when they learn something new
A
3 mounths
7
Q
newborn babies smile during ______ sleep
A
REM
8
Q
Emotions are _______
A
universal
- research shows that people can recognize and generate the same emotional expressions across cultures
9
Q
what study proves that universal emotions could be due to globalization
A
Ekman faces (1971)
- studied isolated tribe; they displayed the 7 primary emotions
10
Q
primary emotions
A
those that are culturally universal
11
Q
how many primary emotions are there
A
7
12
Q
what are the 7 primary emotions
A
- happiness
- disgust
- fear
- sadness
- surprise
- contempt
- anger
13
Q
what is the 8th debated primary emotions
A
pride
14
Q
Secondary emotions
A
are those that are a mixture of primary emotions
15
Q
can secondary emotions differ across cultures
A
yes
16
Q
what are some examples of secondary emotions
A
- hatred
- alarm
-glee
-jealously
17
Q
hatred is a combination of what primary emotions
A
disgust + anger
18
Q
alarm is a combination of what primary emotions
A
fear+ suprise
19
Q
glee is a combination of what primary emotiosn
A
happiness + sadness
20
Q
jealousy is a combination of what primary emotions
A
anger + sadness
21
Q
of the primary emotions what concept highlights cultural differences, or societal guidelines for how and when to display emotions
A
display rules
22
Q
display rules
A
- cultural differences, or guidelines for how and when to display emotions
23
Q
display rules was studied by
A
Friesen (1972)
24
Q
what are th cognitive theories
A
- James Lange
- Somatic Marker
- Cannon Bard
- Two factor
25
real smile =
deucem smile
26
fake smile
panam smile
27
James Lange Theory
emotions result from our INTERPRETATIONS of our bodily reactions to stimuli
- afraid because we are running away
28
cognitive theories believe
that emotions are a product of thought
29
Cannon Bard Theory
are emotions provoking event leads SIMULTANEOUSLY to an emotion and bodily reactions
- run away and feel fear at the same time
30
Somatic Marker Theory
- uses our "GUT REACTIONS" to gauge how we should act
- occurs automatically
31
Two factor theory
emotions are produced by undifferential arousal (alertness), with an ATTRIBUTION of that arousal
- emotions are the explanation we make of our arousal
32
discrete emotion theory is porbably correct in that
emotions are shaped through evolution
33
cognitive theory is probably correct in the idea that
thinking influences our emotions
34
two factor theory. is probably correct in the idea that
- physiological arousal plays a key role in the intensity of our emotional reaction
35
Subliminal exposure
Exposures below the level of awareness
- to positive or negative cues influence mood
36
Mere exposure effect
repeated exposure to a stimulus make us more likely to feel positivity towards it
37
facial feedback hypothesis
you are more likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial expressions
38
facial feedback hypothesis could be due to
classical conditioning
39
large amounts of emotional expression is
non verbal
40
examples of nonverbal expressions of emotions
facial expressions, gestures, posture
41
nonverbal leakage
gives away a persons emotions, even when trying to hide it
42
what are the 3 main types of gestures
- illustrators
- manipulators
- emblems
43
illustrators
gestures that highlight speech
44
manipulators
gestures where the body part touches another part of the body
(ie. crossed arms)
45
emblems
gestures that convey conventional meanings recognized by a culture (ie. nodding yes)
46
Proxemics
the stude of personal space
47
what are the 4 levels of distance
- public
- social
- personal
- intimate
48
what is the typical distance for public
12 ft or more
49
what is the typical distance for social
4-12 ft
50
what is the typical distance for personal
1.5-4 ft
51
what is the typical distance for intimate
0-1.5 ft
52
are humans good at telling when each other are lying
no
- approx. only 55% accurate
53
what are cues to tell when someone is lying
- illustrators decrease
- emblems, and manipulators increase
54
what is the best way to tell if someone is lying
listen to WHAT they say; not how they say it
55
How do polygraph test work?
- modern polygraph test measure autonomic activity
- labels arousal as guilty
56
Pinocchio response
a perfect physiological or behavioral indicators of lying
57
is the polygraph test accurate
- very high false positives
- incorrectly labels innocent individuals as guilty at a high rate (.40%)
58
Guilty Knowledge Tests (GKT)
- test for concealed knowledge of items from the crime scene when using questionnaires and physiological measures
59
Brain Scanning Behaviours
- look at brain wave changes when lying
60
Truth Serum
- Barbiturates such as sodium Pentothal; relaxes people
61
Intergrity Tests
- questionaires that asses workers tendency to steal or cheat
62
what are other test (other than polygraph) to detect lying
- Guilty knowledge test
- brain scanning technique
- Truth Serum
- Intergrity tests
63
Positive Psychology
emphasizes human strengths, such as resilience, coping, life satisfaction
- think of individuals as inherently good
64
broadens and build theory
- happiness predisposes us to thinking more openly, allowing us to see the "big picture" we might have otherwise overlooked
65
happiness is associated with
a longer life
- causation
66
what are happiness myths
- happiness does not depends on what happens to us
- money makes us happy
- happiness declines with age
- people on the west coast (of north America) are the happiest
67
9 examples of things associated with higher levels of happiness
- marriage
- friends
- collage or university
- religion
- political affiliation
- exercise
- gratitude
- giving
- flow
68
Caveats
- associated between variables and happiness are typically modest in moderation, with many exceptions
*findings deprived from correlation research
69
Motivations
the drives, especially wants and needs, that propel us in specific directions
70
what are the 2 most powerful motivators
- food
- sex
71
two major theories of motivations
- drive reduction
- incentive theories
72
Drive reduction theory
- certain drive motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states (hunger, thirst, and sexual frustrations)
- attempting to maintain homeostasis (strength of drives affected by arousal)
73
Yerkes Dodson law
shows relations between arousal and preformace
74
yerkes Dodson Law states that we are better at simple tasks if we have ______ arousal
high
75
Yerkes Dodson law states that we are better at complex tasks if we have ______ arousal
lower
76
what are the 4 main theories of drive conflict
- Approach avoidance (+ - qualities of one thing)
- approach approach (+ +)
- avoidance avoidance (- -)
- double approach avoidance ( + - of multiple things)
77
incentive theories
propose that we are often motivated by postive goals
78
Instrinsic motivation
motivated by internal goals
79
extrinsic motivation
motivated by external goals
80
who proposed a distinction between needs
Henry Murray
81
primary needs
biological neccessities
82
Secondary needs
psychological desires
83
Henry Murray research has lead to
mazlow's heiarchy of needs
84
What is at the top of mazlows heiarchy
self actualization
85
mazlows heiarch of needs top to bottom
self actualization --> aesthetic needs --> cognitive needs --> esteem needs --> belongings and love needs --> safety needs --> physiological needs
