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psychology > Chapter 3.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biological psychologist / neuroscientist study

A

brain and behaviour

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2
Q

how many neurons does the brain contain

A

approx 100 billion

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3
Q

What is phrenology

A

exploration of the shape, size and protrusions of the cranium

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4
Q

beleifs of phrenology
(3 things)

A
  • our brain is the sole organ of the mind
  • characteristic trains and intelligence are inherited
  • diffrences between people = a diffrence in brain structure
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5
Q

How was phrenology disproven

A
  • damage to areas that should correspond to traits/function did not lead to those deficits
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6
Q

Electrical stimulation studies investigated brain function by

A

stimulating the brain during neurosurgery

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7
Q

what do electrical stimulation studies support

A
  • the idea that neural communication is electrical in nature
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8
Q

Which neurosurgeon was intergral to the development and expansion of electrical stimulation

A

Wilder Penfield

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9
Q

Lesion or damage studies purpose

A
  • study psychological functioning through assessing people with brain damage to a specific area and nothing deficits
  • ANIMALS: created damage to a certain area to understand specific impairment
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10
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A
  • the recording of the branins electricle activity at the surface of the skull
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11
Q

EEG advantage

A
  • non invasive
  • very high temporal resolution
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12
Q

EEG Disadvantage

A
  • doesnt tell us about the individual cell activity
  • doesn’t tell us about brain region activation with great accuracy
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13
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A
  • uses multiple x rays to build a 3D reconstruction of the brain
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14
Q

CT advantages

A
  • good for detecting dense tissue
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15
Q

CT disadvantages

A
  • produces static image
  • no detail regarding activity over time
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16
Q

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

A
  • uses trace amounts of short lived radioactive material to map functional processes of the brain
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17
Q

PET advantages

A
  • can attach radioactive isotopes to drugs to see where they are used
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18
Q

PET disadvantages

A
  • invasive
  • poor time course )static images)
  • poor spatial resolution
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19
Q

Structural MRI

A
  • uses magnetic feild to indirectly visulaize brain structure
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20
Q

Advantages of MRI

A
  • higher spatial resolution image than CT
  • superior to CT for detecting soft tissues
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21
Q

Disadvantages of MRI

A
  • expensive
  • produces a static image
  • no detail regarding activity, or activity over time
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22
Q

Functional MAgnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A
  • detects the changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in responce to neural activity
  • is standard technique used in brain imaging research
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23
Q

What is standard technique used in brain imaging research

A

fMRI

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24
Q

Advantages of fMRI

A
  • can see activity with good image and clarity over time
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25
Q

fMRI disadvantages

A
  • poor temporal resolution (better than PET/CT)
  • expensive
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26
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A
  • measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic field generated by the brain
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27
Q

Advantages of MEG

A
  • exellent temporal resolution
  • resonably spatial resolution
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28
Q

MEG disadvantages

A
  • not great at detecting activity deeper in the brain
  • expensive
  • requires high degree of technical expertise
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29
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

A
  • is where battery powered electrodes are implanted within the brain to provide electrical stimulation direction to certain areas
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30
Q

Advantages of DBS

A
  • can be used to treat neuropsychological conditions and asses brain activity
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31
Q

Disadvantages of DBS

A
  • very invasive
  • researchers to not have control of where the electrodes go. Must be planted for medical purposes
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32
Q

Risks of DBS

A
  • requires brain surgery
  • infection
  • haemorrhage
  • battery replacement requires more surgery
33
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A
  • applies strong and quickly changing magnetic field to the surface of the skull that can either enhance or interrupt brain function
34
Q

Advantages of TMS

A
  • active inhabitation of neural function for movements
35
Q

Disadvantages of TMS

A
  • can cause seizures if used incorrectly
  • can only operate on outer layer of the brain (cortex)
36
Q

Localization of Function

A
  • when areas of the brain are found to be particularly active during specific psychological task
37
Q

Example of localization of fucntion

A
  • brocas area
38
Q

How much of our brains do we use

A

100%

39
Q

Components of a neuron

A
  • cell body (soma)
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • axon terminal
40
Q

neural communication within a cell is communicated

A

electrically

41
Q

neural communication between cells is communicated

A

chemically

42
Q

Chemical information is transfer through the

A

synapse

43
Q

Glial cells

A
  • supports neurons and neuron functioning
44
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • responsible for the BBB
45
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • responsible for the myelin sheaths of some axons
46
Q

Neural communication: all or none law

A
  • must reach threshold to produce an action potential
  • doesn’t reach potential = no depolarization
  • stronger than threshold = MORE action potential
47
Q

Absolute refeactory period

A
  • 1-2ms after initiation of an action potential; impossible to another action potential to occur
48
Q

Relative refactor period

A
  • 2-4ms after an action potential; more stimulation is needed to trigger another action potential
49
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • chemical substances that carry messages across the synapse to either excite other neurons, or inhibit their firing
50
Q

five stages of chemical communication

A
  1. synthesis
  2. storgage (synaptic vessicle)
  3. release (synaptic space)
  4. binding (receptor sites)
  5. deactivation (reuptake or breakdown)
51
Q

types of neurotransmitters

A
  1. excitatory
  2. inhibitory
52
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A
  • postsynaptic depolarization
  • post synaptic neuron more likely to fire
53
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSPs)

A
  • postsynaptic hyper polarization
  • post synaptic neurons less likely to fire
54
Q

Glutamate role

A
  • main excitatory neurotransmitter
  • sensory and learning
55
Q

Glutamate drugs

A
  • alcohol and sensory enhancers
56
Q

GABA role

A
  • main inhibitory neurotransmitter
57
Q

GABA drugs

A
  • alcohol and anti-anxiety
58
Q

Norepinephrine role

A
  • cortical arousal
59
Q

NE drugs

A
  • amphetamine and methamphetamine
60
Q

Acetylcholine role

A
  • cortical arousal, selective attention, memory, muscle contradiction
61
Q

ACh drugs

A
  • nicotine
  • memory enhancers
  • botox
62
Q

Dopamine role

A
  • motor function
  • reward
    -pleasure
63
Q

Dopamine drugs

A
  • L dopa (parkisons disease)
  • Antipsychotics
64
Q

Serotonin role

A
  • mood regulation
  • aggression
  • wake-sleep cycle
  • temperature
65
Q

Seratonin drugs

A
  • SSRI anti-depressants
66
Q

Endorphins role

A
  • pain killers
67
Q

Endorphin drugs

A
  • codeine
  • morphine
  • heroin
68
Q

Anandamide role

A
  • pain killers
  • increase in appetite
69
Q

Anandamide drugs

A
  • TCH (marijuana)
70
Q

Psychoactive drugs impact the

A

brain

71
Q

Agonistic psychoactive drugs effect

A
  • enhances activity at the receptor site
  • binds to receptor site of blocks reuptake
72
Q

Antagonist psychoactive drugs effect

A
  • reduces active at the receptor site
  • binds to receptor site and blocks neurotransmitter (competitive inhibitor)
73
Q

Neural plasticity

A
  • the ability of neurons to change over time
  • could change in terms of structure of function
74
Q

3 areas related to neural plasticity

A
  • plasticity over development
  • plasticity and learning
  • plasticity following injury / degeneration
75
Q

Networks of neurons in the brain change the course of development in four primary ways
. What are theses?

A
  • growth
  • synptogenesis
  • pruning
  • myelination
76
Q

How do brains change as we grow
(3 things )

A
  • synaptogenesis
  • potentiation
  • structural plasticity
77
Q

what is synaptogenesis

A
  • creation of new synapses
78
Q

Our braisn can sometime repair via

A

neurogenesis

79
Q

Stem cells

A
  • cells that have not yet differentiated
  • have the capability of becoming almost any type of cell in the body

psychology (13 decks)

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