chapter 11 Flashcards
(48 cards)
1
Q
motivation also concerns the conditions responsible for variation in…
A
- INENSITY (vigor)
- PERSISTANCE
- QUALITY (direction)
- and direction of ongoing behaviour
2
Q
motivation has ____ factors and _____ cues?
A
internal, and external
3
Q
primary motives are governed by…
A
the midbrain and hindbrain
4
Q
what does the hypothalamus (forebrain) govern?
A
homeostasis-so things like thrift, sleep, body temperature, hunger, emotions
5
Q
what type of instincts do humans have?
A
biological and social instincts
6
Q
William James and Charles Darwin instincts?
A
are purposive
7
Q
what are internal drives?
A
states that arise in response to physiological needs
8
Q
when are drives aroused?
A
when homeostasis is disrupted (causes tension), which pushes us towards tension reductions (we have a set point)
9
Q
behaviour is also motivated by …
A
incentives
10
Q
what are the 3 aspects of Expectancy Theory?
A
- Expectancy
- Instrumentality
- Valence
11
Q
what is Instrumentality?
A
perception that performance will lead to outcomes such as rewards
12
Q
what is Valence?
A
perceived attractiveness of particular outcomes/rewards
13
Q
Expectancy x Value Theory
A
- strength of expectation that behaviour will lead to a goal
- incentive value that person places on a goal
- motivation = expectancy x incentive value
14
Q
whats Psychodynamic Theory?
A
unconscious motives affect how we behave
15
Q
what’s the order of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
A
- Physiological Needs: needs to satisfy hunger and thirst
- Safety Needs: needs to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, and stable
- Beloningness and Love Needs: need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness ad alienation
- Esteem Needs: need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others
- Self-actualization Needs: need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential
16
Q
who are the two important people of Self-Determination Theory?
A
Deci and Ryan-1985
17
Q
what are the 3 fundamental psychological needs for Self-Determination Theory?
A
- Competence: need to master new challenges
- Autonomy: action is result of free choice
- Relatedness: from meaningful bonds
all three work together
18
Q
what did Henry Murray(1938) argue when it came to Acheivment Motivation?
A
that we have a need to achieve that varies in strength in different people
19
Q
need for achievement
A
- desire for accomplishment and excellence
- stable personality characteristic
- individual differences
20
Q
why are people motivated to succeed ?
A
- motive for success
- fear of failure
21
Q
how is success defined?
A
- Mastery Orientation : focuses on personal mastery and improvement
- Performance Orientation: focuses on competition, outperforming others
22
Q
what are the 4 types of Goals?
A
- Mastery Approach Goals
- Performance Approach Goals
- Master Avoidance Goals
- Performance Avoidance Goals
23
Q
what type of motivation do those with high fears of failure have?
A
- Performance Approach Goals: desire to be judged favourably compared to others
- Performance Avoidance Goals: desire to avoid negative judgements
24
Q
fear of failure + performance avoidance goals ?
A
impairs perfomance
25
what are the types of conflict?
- approach approach conflict: conflict where you must decide between two desirable or attractive goals. as one goal is approached, desirability increases and dominates
- avodiance avoidance conflict: two gaols, both of which are negative
- approach avoidance conflict: I want this but I don't want what this entails. being repelled and attracted by the same goal. most difficult too resolve
- defensive avoidance: procrastination and avoidance of decision
26
emotions include..?
- physiological arousal (heart beating before a presentation)
- cognitive processes (I will never take a class again with presentations), and visible expressions
27
what are Emotions?
positive or negative experience generally in reaction to stimuli (external or internal) that are accompanied red by physiological arousal and characteristic behaviour
28
whats the difference between Emotions vs Moods?
Emotions:
- has a short duration
- has a rapid onset and is episodic
- has a strong intensity
- interrupts thought and behaviour
- is specific and targeted
- has a single identifiable cause
Mood:
- has a long duration
- has a gradual onset and is continuous
- has a weak intensity
- influences thought and behaviour
- is global and diffuse
- does not have a single identifiable cause
29
what are the 4 features that are common to all emotions?
- emotions are responses to eliciting stimuli
- emotions result from cognitive appraisal of the stimuli
- bodies respond physiologically to stimuli
- emotions include behavioural tendencies, including expressive behaviour and instrumental behaviour
30
describe the Features of Emotions
1. Motivation and Attention: emotions arouse you to take action and motivation helps sustain behaviours towards goals. motives are accompanied by emotions. emotion focuses attention which can improve memory
2. Social Functions: regulate social interactions and engage in prosocial/intrumental behaviours
3. Emotions Effect on Cognitive Functioning (adaptive): negative emotions-narrow attention. positive emotions-broadening of attention. emotion is linked to contexts of events
31
what did Charles Darwin(1872) argue about for Basic Emotions?
argued that emotions evolved as part of human behaviour to deal adaptively with recurring situations
32
instrumental behaviours are...
calls to action
33
Cognitive Component:
- cognitive appraisals: involved in every aspect of emotion. interpretations and meanings attached to sensory stimuli
- different appraisals can result in diff behaviours: influences expressions and actions. different reacitons to same event
- culture and appraisal: cultural similarities sin appraisals for basic emotions. cultural differences in appraisals of other emotions
34
when do self-concious emotions develop?
after birth and are influenced by others
35
Dual Pathway of Emotion
- Thalamus sends sensory input along two independent neural pathways
- one directly to amygdala
- emotional and behavioural reaction
- one to cerebral cortex
- conscious interpretation
36
Amygdala
- can process input before interpretation by cortex
- removal of visual cortex in rats did not impair classically conditioned fear response
- people with hippocampal damage (unable to learn a connection between CS and UCS) still acquire a fear response
37
what are Physiological Components of Emotion?
helps to mobilize use to respond to emotions
38
what are the components of Physiological Components?
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Cerebral Cortex (cortical)
- Hypothalamus and Limbic System (amygdala)
39
Autonomic Nervous System
- sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions with involved
- for mild unpleasant (sympathetic more active), for mild pleasant (parasympathetic more active)
40
Cerebral Cortex(cortical)
- provides associations, memoirs, and meanings
- left hemisphere (+ emotions) right hemisphere (- emotions)
- approach related vs withdrawal related
41
Hypothalamus and Limib System(amygdala)
- Amygdala is associated with fear and anger
- integration of hormonal and neural aspects of arousal
42
James-Lange Theory of Body Reaction
- William James and Carl Lange
- Perceiving a stimuls cause autonomic arousal and other bodily actions that lead to experience of a specific emotion
42
Cannon-Bard Theory of Central Neural Processes
- Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
- Physiological reactions did not precede emotions. Emotional stimuli produce two concurrent reactions: arousa and the experience of emotion
43
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
conscious emotional experiences and physiological reactions and behaviour are relatively indpednat events
44
who are the theorists fro Theories of Emotion: Cognitive Appraisal Theories (2 factor theory)
- Stanley Schacter
- Richar Lazarus
45
Stanely Schacter Theories of Emotion
- emotion is joint effect of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal
- believed that all arosual is general and undifferentiated
- you then appraise the arousla and discover what emotion it is
46
Richard Lazarus Theories of Emotion
- emotion involves automatic apprsialsa of environment
- you search for interpretation based on the environment
47
Cognitive Theory of Emotion
Cognitive interpretation of events in the outside world and stimuli from our own bodies is the key factor in emotions
