chapter 12 Flashcards
(34 cards)
Development is the..
more or less predictable changes in behaviour associated with age
what are Normative Investigatons ?
describe characteristics of a specific age or devleopmnenrla stage
what are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Longitudinal Design?
- able to study longer term individual differences
- age related changes cannot be confused with variations in different societal circumstances
- costly, time consuming, where is the data? only one group
what are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Design?
- more groups can be studied
- political and societal variables may confound the results
- the sequential design is actually a combination of both a cross-sectional design and a longitudinal design. using a sequential design, we study several cohorts, ro age groups, over a long period of time
Piaget and Development
- Jean Piaget believd that representations of reality change at different stages-needed for adaption
- wasn’t interested in the amount of knowledge
- theories are still used today
- mental structures that enable individuals to intyreprte the world as schemas
Assimilation
modifies new environmental information to fit into what is already known
Accommodation
restructures or modifies the child’s existing schemas so that new information is accounted for
what is the Sensorimotor Stage (0-2)
- senses and motion: without the use of symbols
- mobility allows for knowledge acquisition
- object permanence- understanding the objects exist indpednant from awareness (around age 2)
- at age 2: brain is 80% of adult weigh
what is the Preoperational Stage(2-7)?
- use of symbols, language matures, memory develops, imagination develops-most learning here
- non reversible thinking
- egocentrism
- centration
what is Egocentrism ?
inability to take other’s perspectives
what is Centration?
tendency for attention to be captured by perceptually striking features of objects
what are Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development ?
- sensorimotor stage
- preoperational stage
- concrete operations stage
- formal operations stage
what is the Concrete Operations Stage (7-11)?
- conservation: physical properties of objects don’t changeover though appearance might (reversibility)
- intelligence is demonstrated through logical systematic manipulation of symbols to concrete objects
what is Formal Operations Stage (11-adult)?
- development of abstract and hyptoethcial thinking
- consider series of alternatives and logical thinking
- return to egocentric thinking
Renée Ballargeon and her Contemporary Cognitive Views
- infant cognition
- demonstrated that some aspects of Piaget’s stages don’t occur in order
- Violation of Expectation experiments - rudimentary object permanence at a younger age (4-5 months)
Leo Vygotsky and his Contemporary Cognitive Views
- internalization
- process of absorbing knowledge from the social and cultural context that has a major impact on how cognition unfolds over time
Erikson’s Psychoscial Stages represent ?
8 conflicts or crises that every individual must afce through the life span
which factor is the most important when it comes to socialization?
family is the most important in basic responsiveness to others
Socialization helps us to understand?
societal norms
when do people start to develop a sense of self when it comes to emotion?
- 18 months to develop a sense of self
- display a variety of basic emotions
- envy, embarrassment, empathy can begin to emerge
what happens at age 2 for people and their emotions?
- learn rules and performance standards
- display guilt
Temperament sets..?
the stage for later aspects of development and can have interactive effects-but not always
how does Imprinting work with animals?
some species experience imprint on the first moving abject they see (Konrad Lorrenz)
Internal Working Model
attachment forms lifelong schema for relationships
