Chapter 11 Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
What is the biopsychosocial approach to understanding health?
A
Intersects between:
- biology
-Psychology
- social context
2
Q
What is subjective well-being
A
- An individuals overall evaluation of life satisfaction and happiness
3
Q
What is positive psychology?
A
- movement within psychology that applies research to provide people with the knowledge and skills to experience full filling lives
4
Q
What are the three lines of inquiry in positive psychology?
A
- Positive subjective experiences: positive moods, positive e motions, flow, mindfulness
- Positive individual trails: hope, resilience, grit, gratitude
- Positiveinstitutions: positive workplaces, positive schools
5
Q
What are the elements of positive psychology
A
- positive mood
-Gratitude - positive attitude
Happiness
6
Q
What shape does the stress-performance graph make?
A
-Bell
- at medium stress you have your best reformance
7
Q
When does post traumatic growth occur?
A
- have successfully coped with the trauma
- frequently reflect on the traumatizing arch and relate it to specific positive outcomes
8
Q
What are the 6 domains of post traumatic growth?
A
- New possibilities
- Relating to others
- Personal strength
- Appreciation of life
- Spiritual change
- Life priority charge
9
Q
What is stress?
A
- A lack of fit between perceived demands and perceived ability to cope with demands
- stress is felt when: perceived resources<perceived demand
10
Q
What are the steps to stress appraisal
A
- Primary appraise! : initial evaluation of the relevance, level of threat, and degree of stress the event brings
-Secondary appraisal I an evaluation of our ability to cope
11
Q
What are a cute stressors
A
Threatening events that have a relatively short duration and clear end point
12
Q
What are chronic stressors
A
Threatening events that have relatively long duration and no readily, available time limit
-Eg. Relationship conflicts, financial problem
13
Q
What is ambient stress
A
- Chronic negative conditions embedded in the environment
- ex/ excessive noise, traffic, pollution, crowding, poverty
14
Q
What does the hassles scale measure
A
- Overall chronic stressors for students
15
Q
What is the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)
A
- Developed by Holmes and Rate
- rates various life events according to their potential for causing disease
16
Q
What are the 3 responses to stress
A
Emotional
Physiological
Behavioral
17
Q
Why are some people better at stress management
A
- A good indicator is moderating variables influencing stress tolerance: social support, hardiness, optimism
18
Q
What is hardiness
A
- one of the moderating variables
- a disposition marked by commitment challenge, control that is purportedly associated with strong stress resistance
19
Q
What is coping
A
- Active efforts to master, reduce or tolerate the demands created by stress
- coping strategies help determine the other stress will have positive or negative effects on a person
20
Q
what is negative coping
A
- giving up prematurely
- acting aggressively
- indulging oneself
- self blame
- procrastination
21
Q
what are positive coping mechanisms
A
- problem focused (when the situation is controllable)
- emotion-focused (when the situation is uncontrollable)
22
Q
what is learned helplessness/giving up
A
- passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events
- cognitive interpretation of aversive events determines whether learned helplessness develops
- sometimes transferred to situations in which the person is not really helpless
- creates a passive reaction to stressful events
23
Q
what is the study of learned helplessness by martin seligman
A
- dogs in electrified cage are not able to escape due to impending shock
- later when shock is turned off, dogs will not even try to leave
- the dogs learned that they were helpless and accepted it
24
Q
aggression as a coping mechanism
A
- aggression: behavior intended to hurt someone (physically or verbally)
- frustration aggression hypothesis: aggression is always due to frustration (can still act out at people who had nothing to do with their aggression)
- Freud: aggressive acts release emotional tension in a process called catharsis
25
indulgence as a coping mechanism
- when things are going poorly, people may seek gratification elsewhere
- excessive eating, drinking, shopping, gambling, etc
26
self blame as a coping mechanism
- tendency to engage in negative self talk
- Ellis: self-blame is associated with catastrophic thinking rooted in irrational assumption
27
what percent of college students put off academic assignments
70-90%
28
why do students procrastinate
- desire to minimize time on a task
- desire to optimize efficiency
- close proximity to reward
- students often get rewarded for procrastination
29
what is the effect of procrastination
- they turn in papers later
- they obtained lower grades
- later in the semester they report more stress related symptoms
30
what are appraisal-focused coping strategies
- detecting and disputing negative self talk
- rational thinking
- positive reinterpretation
- finding the humor in the situation
31
what is problem-focused coping strategies
- active problem solving
- seeking social support
- enhancing time management
- improving self contol
32
what are emotion focused coping strategies
- releasing pent up emotions
- distracting oneself
- managing hostile feelings and forgiving
- exercing
- meditating
33
what is ellis's rational thinking?
has Rational-Emotional Behavior Therapy (REBT) and the ABC model to focus on altering clients pattern of thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions and behaviors
34
what is the effect of humor on stress
- reduces the negative impact of stress on mood
- creates more positive appraisal
- increases positive emotions
- facilitates positive social interactions
35
what does positive reinterpretation do for stress
- recognizing things could be worse
- finding pros in a bad situation
36
what are the steps to problem solving
- clarify the problem
- generate alternative courses of action
- evaluate your alternatives and select a course of action
- take action while maintaining flexibility
37
what are two psychosocial modifiers of stress
1) social support
2) sense of personal control
38
what is emotional support (type of social support)
- expression of empathy
- provides recipient with comfort, reassurance, belongingness
39
what is esteem support (type of social support)
- expressed through positive regard for the person
- in the form of encouragement or agreement with the persons feelings
- positive comparison of the person with others
- ego boosting
40
what is tangible or instrumental support (type of social support)
- direct assistance
- example lending money
41
what is informational support (type of social support)
- advice, directions, feedback
42
what is network support (type of social support)
- feeling of membership especially with those who share interests
- church, AA
43
what are the 4 types of control
1) behavioral control - ability to take concrete action to reduce the impact of stressor (problem focused coping)
2) Cognitive control - though processes to modify the impact of the stressor
3) decisional control - opportunity to choose between alternative procedures (plan B)
4) informational control - getting knowledge about a stressful event
44
what are weak predictors of happiness
- money
- gender
- parents
- intelligence
- age
- physical attractiveness
45
what are moderate predictors of happiness
- health
- social activity
- religion
46
what are strong predictors of happiness
- personality
- work
- relationship satisfaction
47
how is happiness defined
- aristotle: happiness was attained by living a virtues life and being a good person
- jean-jacques rousseau: the road to happiness lies in the satisfaction of ones desires and the hedonistic pursuit of pleasure
- william james: happiness was the ratio of ones accomplishments to ones aspirations
48
how is happiness measured
- satisfaction with life scale
- the predominance of positive compared with negative emotions
49
what is the positive illusion paradox
- positive illusion: inflated view of ones own characteristics as a good, able and desirable person
- paradox: positive illusion will make you happy
- a positive illusion can be accomplished by lowering ones aspiration or making downward comparisons
50
what positive outcomes in life correlate with happiness
- marriage
- longevity
- self-esteem
- job satisfaction
51
age and happiness
- happiness is moderate around teens then decreases until it starts increasing again at 46
- peaks at 74
- not actually a huge factor
52
does sex impact happiness
- men and women are equally happy
53
what is the correlation between a nations well being score and its GNP
+0.67
54
is there a relationship between income and happiness in the USA
- threshold of income where once u meet basic needs there are no major changes in happiness
55
gender, age, ethnicity, and income account for ____ percent variation in happiness
10-15%
56
which personality traits are closely related to well being
- extravertism
- neuroticism
