Final Exam Flashcards
Chapter 13 (Personality) and 14 (Psychological Disorders) (129 cards)
1
Q
Summarize the findings of milligram?
A
- 65% of people completed the experiment and administered the highest level of shock
- 35% Left at some point
- 12.5% refused to go beyond 300 v
2
Q
What accounts for the disobedience in milligrams experiment
A
- Personality
3
Q
What is personality?
A
•Individuals’ unique set of consistent behaviour traits
• very consistent over time and across diff. Situations
4
Q
define personality
A
a set of behavioural, emotional, and cognitive tendencies that people display over time and across situations that distinguish individuals from each other.
5
Q
What is personality used to explain?
A
-The stability in a persons behavior over time and across situations (consistency)
- the behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation (distinctiveness)
6
Q
What is personality trait?
A
A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
7
Q
What is human nature
A
- What drives our behavior
- uniquely found in humans
- pyramid of needs at the top (love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization)
8
Q
What are the big five of the five factor model
A
- Openness to experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
9
Q
What is openness to experience
A
- Creative, intellectual, open-minded, curious, flexible, unconventional, empathetic
10
Q
What is conscientiousness
A
Organized, responsible, cautious, diligent, punctual, dependable, self-disciplined, etc.
11
Q
What is extroversion
A
Talkative, energetic, assertive, outgoing, sociable, friendly, gregarious, upbeat, assertive, etc.
12
Q
What is agreeableness classified by
A
Sympathetic, kind, affectionate, warm, trusting,compassionate, cooperative, modest, etc.
13
Q
What are neuroticism traits
A
Anxious, unstable, insecure, hostile, self-conscious, sensitive, vulnerable, impulsive, etc
14
Q
What is true for the pattern of traits with the big 5 theory
A
- idea that if you have one trait in a category you are likely strong at all the related traits (they cluster)
15
Q
what happens to extreme personalities as we age
A
- parabola
- less extreme as we age before they get more extreme again
16
Q
What’s the importance of understanding the bigs 5
A
- You can make profiles d people who are most likely to engage in certain behaviour
17
Q
What are orthogonal factors
A
- factors that have no correlation
18
Q
Which two factors are orthogonal
A
-Extroversion and neuroticism
19
Q
What is Eysenck’s biological trait theory?
A
- based on the fact that extroversion and neuroticism are orthogonal
- places them on opposite axis
20
Q
what is neurotisicm
A
- degree to which people experience negative emotions
- unstable emotions (neurotic)
21
Q
What is extraversion
A
- degree to which a person is outgoing
22
Q
what os psychoticism
A
- degree to which one is vulnerable to psychosis or losing touch with reality
- can be additional axis on eysenck’s trait theory
23
Q
what is Eysenck’s melancholic trait characterized by
A
- low extraversion (introversion)
- high neuroticism
- common traits: moody, rigid, anxious, pessimistic, quiet
24
Q
what is Eysenck’s choleric trait characterized by
A
- neurotic
- extroverted
- traits: touchy, restless, aggressive, excitable, impulsive
25
what is Eysenck's phlegmatic trait characterized by
- introverted
- not neurotic (stable)
- traits: passive, thoughtful, controlled
26
what is Eysenck's sanguine trait characterized by
- extroverted
- not neurotic (stable)
- traits: sociable, talkative, responsive, easygoing
27
who was considered "the third great revolutionist" in human self awareness for their psychodynamic view
Freud
28
what are assumptions of psychodynamic theories
- Existence of psychic energy: the interactions between powerful inner forces shape personality and motivate behaviour
- psychic determinism: all behaviors were motivated (no accidents)
- psychoanalysis: every human action has a cause and a purpose that can be discovered through analysis
29
what is the structure of personality
- thought of like at iceberg
- above the surface of the water is the conscious or the thoughts and feelings that we are aware of at any given moment
- just at the surface is the preconscious which is outside of awareness but still accessible (memories or feelings)
- deep is the unconscious mind which holds memories or feelings that are unpleasant and repressed
30
what is the Id
- mainly unconscious level
- operates irrationally and on impulse
- driven by pleasure and immediate gratification
31
what is the superego
- where the individual's morals and values are
- same as conscience
- inner voice of should/shouldnt
- ideal that the individual strives to be
32
what is the Ego
- operates on the reality principle
- mediates conflict between id and superego
- evaluates cause and consequence of behaviours
33
what is ego defence
- mental strategies the ego uses to defend itself in conflict between id and superego
- unconscious ego processes that keep disturbing thoughts down
- reduce anxiety
34
in the psychodynamic model what is anxiety a result of
id seeking expression
35
What is displacement?
- discharging pent -up feelings usually of hostility on objects less dangerous than those who initially aroused the emotion
- tendency to repeat what has been done to us
36
What is projection
- seeing ones own thought/fault in others
-Seeing one's own goal as the goal of others too
Ex/
-An aggressive person sees others as aggressive too
37
What is reaction formation
- preventing dangerous desires from being expressed by endorsing opposing attitudes and types of behaviour and using them as "barriers"
- someone who really dislikes you may pretend to adore you
38
What is denial?
- protecting self from unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive it
-Ex/ parent believes dead child is alive
39
What is repression
- pushing painful or dangerous thoughts out of consciousness
- form of selective forgetting
40
What is rationalization?
- trying to prove that one's behaviour is rational (worthy of approval)
- Finding excuses
41
What is regression
- reverting to earlier development levels invoking more childish responses and usually a lower level of aspiration
- attitudes or actions believe childish when faced with stress
42
What is sublimation
- Channeling disruptive impulses- thoughts, or emotions into socially acceptable behaviors
- ex art to express sex drive
43
What is psychic determinism?,
is the assumption that all mental and behavioural reactions (symptoms) are determined by earlier experiences.
* Symptoms are not arbitrary; symptoms are related in a meaningful way to earlier significant life events.
44
What is fixation
an inability to progress normally to the next stage of development, due to either too much gratification or too much frustration at one of the early stages of psychosexual development
45
What is psychic energy
- Source ofenergy within each person that motivates the person to do one thing or another
-Operates according to the law of conservation of energy
- amount you possess is constant throughout the lifespan
46
what is a reservoir of psychic energy
the id
47
what are techniques used to reveal the unconcious
- done because the unconscious is seen as the cause of mental problems and as such psychoanalysis is used to make the unconscious conscious
-free assosiation
-dream analysis
-projection
48
what is free assosiation
- relax on comfortable chair and let ur mind wander
- say whatever comes to mind (no matter what)
- by relaxing everyday censor this technique allows potentially important material to come up
-Limitation: like looking for a needle in a haystack
49
what is dream analysis
- freud believes that the purpose of dreaming is to satisfy urges and to fulfill unconscious wishes
- unconscious wishes appear in dreams in a disguised form
50
what are the two types of dream contents
- manifest: the original contents in a dream (e.g., child climbing out of bathtub)
- latent: the true meaning of the dream lay hidden and is only expressed in symbols (e.g., the bathtub = a womb, therefore means wish to have child)
51
what is the assumption of the projective technique
- people are thought to project their own personalities into what they report seeing is the ambiguous stimulus
- ambiguous stimulus can be an inkblot or a pic
52
how does the projective technique work
- allow the unconscious memory to be brought up
- ex/ warrington and weiskrantz got amnesic patients to test free recall and recognition and did worse than healthy individuals but they did the same on word fragment completion
53
what is the humanistic theory of personality based on
growth oriented view of human beings
54
who were the two major theorists behind humanistic theory
- Abraham Maslow: hierarchy of needs, humans strive to actualize full potential once basic needs are satisfied
- Carl Rogers: Humans strive to actualize full potential if they receive unconditional positive regard
55
what is self actualization
- realization of one's uniquely creative intellectual or social potential
- only accomplished when need for self esteem is fulfilled
56
what are the assumptions of rogers self actualization theory
- basis for the study of personality is the person's subjective perception of his or her self concept
- every person has an innate tendency towards self actualization
- every person has basic need for positive regards
57
what is the concept of self
- actual/real self (they way people see themselves)
- ideal self (how people would like to see themselves)
- undesirable (feared) self (how people do not want to see themselves)
- the more similar people feel to ideal self and the further from the undesired self, the better they feel
58
self perceptions are: (3)
1. organized - self experienced is a consistent integrated whole
2. Compatible - perceptions can fit together
3. congruent - self experiences are represented accurately and included in the self concept of their accurate form
59
what are conditions of worth
- basis upon which approval, attention and rewards are forthcoming
- when these are met self esteem enhances
- framework for socialization
60
what is the basis of disorders
- develop when need for positive self regard are based on conditions of worth
- when conceptions are unorganized, incompatible, incongruent
61
what is the conflict model
- conflicts arise when there is incongruence between:
-ones self perception and the evaluation from others
-ones real self and ones ideal self
- moderate incongruence = neurotic behaviour
- extreme incongruence = disorganized personality, psychosis
62
what are therapeutic conditions
- empathetic understanding
- unconditional positive regard
- genuine acceptance
63
what is cognition
- human information processing
- awareness and thinking
64
what is the cognitive approach to personality
- assumes that personality is shaped by a persons unique perception of the world
65
what is kellys personal construct
- a belief that summarizes a set of observations or version of reality unique to an individual which that person routinely uses to interpret and predict results
66
in the cognitive approach theory what causes anxiety
- not being able to understand and predict life events
67
why do constructs fail
- too rigid: something comes along that cannot be understood
- too permeable: mind changes
68
what is postmodernism
- intellectual position grounded in the notion that reality is constructed that every unique person and culture has a dif version of reality.
- no reality is more privileged than another
69
what is rotters locus of control
- concept that describes a persons perception of responsibility for the events in his or her life
- is responsibility internal or external
70
what is situationsim
behaviour is determined more by situations than by personality traits
- if this holds true, personality does not exist
71
what is high self monitoring
- alter their behaviour to match the situation
- they exhibit low levels of consistency
72
what is low self monotoring
- they are less able to alter their self-presentations to match situational demands
- more consistent across situations
73
what is a strong situation
- a situation that restricts the expression of personality
ex/funeral
74
what is a weak situation
- situation that allows free expression of personality
ex? playground
75
depression is anger turned _______
inward
76
psychopath is anger turned _______
outward
77
what are characteristic adaptations
- adjustments to sitautional demands
78
what is interactionism
- the theory that behavior is determined jointly by situations and underlying dispositions
79
when is personality consistency lowest
- childhood and after 50
80
what direction do people move on the big 5 with age
- lower: extraversion and openness to experience
- higher: agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability
81
what is high functioning autism
- needs support
- patients social and communication skills and repetitive patterns are only noticeable without support
82
what is autism (L2)
- need substantial support
- patients social and communication skills and repetitive patterns are obvious to the average observer even with support
83
what is DSM-5
- the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
- APA published to differentiate disorders
84
DSM-5 criteria for autism
Add later
85
what are the unipolar mood disorders
- person experiences only episodes of depression
- major depressive disorder (MDD)
- dysthymia
86
what are the bipolar mood disorders
- person experiences episodes of mania and depression
- Biopolar I disorder
- Bipolar II disorder
- cyclothymia
87
bipolar I
based more on the manic episodes than the depression
88
bipolar II
- less extreme mood elevations
- only reach hypomania characterized by higher creativity and productivity that are enjoyable and rewarding
- typically doesnt impair daily life
89
DSM criteria for MDD
90
DSM-5 criteria for Manic episode
91
what is the Schizo spectrum
- schizoid: very introverted and voluntarily withdraw from social interactions
- schizotypal: schizoid symptoms + magical thinking and odd behavior
- schizophrenia: schizotypal + psychosis
- schizoaffective: schizophrenia + modd disorder
92
what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia
- presence of problematic behaviors
ex/ delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech
93
what are negative symptoms of schizophrenia
- absense of normal functions
ex/ flattened effect, reduced speech
94
types of schizophrenia: persecutory
believe that others are persecuting, spying on, or trying to harm
95
types of schizophrenia: referential
belief that objects, events, or other people have particular significance
96
types of schizophrenia: grandiose
belief that one has great knowledge, power, or talent
97
types of schizophrenia: identity
belief that one is someone else
ex/ jesus, president
98
types of schizophrenia: guilt
belief that one has committed a terrible sin
99
types of schizophrenia: control
belief that ones thoughts and behaviors are being externally controlled
100
DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia
101
how does risk change with genetics
the more closely related to someone with schizophrenia the more likely you are to develop
102
what are the 4 features of a personality disorder
1) early onset: evident by late adolescence
2) stability: no significant period when its not evident
3) pervasive: evident across a wide range or personal social and occupational situations
4) clinically significant maladaptation: resulting in personal distress or impairment in social and occupational functioning
103
what characteristics are associated with cluster A personality disorders
- paranoid: distrust and suspiciousness about the motives of individuals who they interact with
- schizoid: lack of emotionality in social situations. lack of desire for social relationships
- schizotypal: peculiarities of thought
104
what does "GET FACT" mean in regards to paranoid personality disorder
G - grudges held for long periods
E - exploitations expected (without sufficient basis)
T - trustworthiness of others doubted
F - fidelity of sexual partner questioned
A - attacks on character are perceived
C - confides in others rarely
T - threatening meanings read into events
105
What does "SIR SAFE" refer to in regards to schizoid personality disorder
S - solitary lifestyle
I - indifferent to praise and criticism
R - relationships of no interest
S - sexual experiences not of interest
A - activities not enjoyed
F - friends lacking
E - emotionally cold and detached
106
what does "FLAT EARTH" refer to in regards to schizotypal personality disorder
F - fantastic and magical thinking
L - lack of close friends
A - appearance is eccentric or peculiar
T - tendency to withdraw socially
E - excessive paranoid ideas or suspiciousness
A - abnormal perceptual experiences
R - ritualistic behaviour
T - tendency to conspiratorial explanations
H - hostility
107
what is cluster B personality disorder
- antisocial: inability to respect the rights of others irresponsible or unlawful behaviour that violates social norms
- borderline: intense and unstable emotions and personal relationships; chronic anger; fear of being abandoned; fear of loneliness; self harm; black and white thinking
- histrionic: excessive emotionality and attention seeking; inappropriate sexual or seductive behaviour
- narcissistic: grandiose sense of self-importance and a need for constant admiration
108
what is cluster b diagnostic criteria
109
borderline personality disorder diagnostic criteria
110
summary (9 points) borderline personality disorder
1. abandonment avoidance
2. interpersonal relationships instability
3. identity disturbance
4. impulsivity
5. suicidal and self-harm behaviors
6. affective instability
7. chronic feeling of emptiness
8. inappropriate intense anger
9. stress related paranoid idealation
111
what is generalized anxiety disorder
- an anxiety disorder in which an individual feels anxious and worried most of the time at least for at least 6 months when not threatened by any specific danger
- threat and danger are imaginary
112
what is panic disorder
- anxiety disorder where individuals experience unexpected severe panic attacks that begin with a feeling of intense apprehension, fear or terror
- similar to anxiety disorder but greatly magnified and usually have a sudden onset
113
what are clinical features of panic attacks
A discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, in which four (or more) of the following symptoms developed abruptly and
reached a peak within 10 minutes:
1. Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate
2. Sweating
3. Trembling or shaking
4. Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering
5. Feeling of choking
6. Chest pain or discomfort
7. Nausea or abdominal distress
8. Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint
9. Derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being
detached from oneself)
10. Fear of losing control or going crazy
11. Fear of dying
12. Paresthesia (numbness or tingling sensations)
13. Chills or hot flushes
114
what are phobias
persistent or irrational fear that is excessive, unreasonable, given the reality of the treat
115
what is a social phobia
- persistent irrational fear that arises in anticipation of a public situation in which an individual can be observed by others
-giving a speech
-playing with a musical instrument
-meeting with strangers
- core of the phobia is being afraid of getting embarrassed
116
what are specific phobias
- occur in response to specific types of objects or situations
- stimuli that evoke them are not random
117
What is agoraphobia
- form of situational type of specific phobias
- extreme fear of being in situation from which escape may be difficult or avoidance of situations like being outside of ones home, traveling in a car, bus, airplane, or being in crowded areas
118
what are obbsessions
thoughts, images, or impulses that recur or persist despite a person's efforts to suppress them
119
what are compulsions
repetitive and purposeful acts performed according to certain rules or in a ritualized manner in response to an obsession
120
What is OCPD
- strict adherence to orderliness, control, perfectionism
- obsess over small details of their life
- restrict flexibility and openness to new experience
- this is a personality disorder driven by the need to be perfect
121
what is OCD
- suffer from frequent upsetting thoughts in a loop, try to control these with compulsions
- this is an anxiety disorder
122
what is post traumatic stress disorder
- persistent re-experience of traumatic events through distressing recollections, dreams, hallucinations, flashbacks
- developed in response to life threatening events severe injury, etc
123
what is the diagnostic criteria for PTSD
A) exposed to traumatic event
B) traumatic event is reexperienced
C) avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of responsiveness
D) increased arousal
E) duration more than one month
F) causes distress or impairment
124
what is dissociative disorder
- disturbance in the integration of identity
- sufferers may feel
-the self is inconsistent
-self is discontinuous over time
-some important personal experiences are forgotten
125
what are the 5 core components of dissociative disorders
- amnesia
- derealization
- depersonalization
- identity alteration
- identity confusion
126
what is dissociative amnesia
- inability to remember important personal experiences cause by psychological factors (alteration of consciousness) in the absence of any organic dysfunction (head injury)
127
what is dissociation fugue
- amnesic state that involves unexpected departure from one's customary surroundings
- the assumption of a new identity and an inability to remember the previous identity
- fugue state usually ends when the person wakes up to find themselves in an unknown place
128
what is dissociative identity
- emerging personalities contrast in some significant way
- each personality has a unique, identity, name, behavior pattern
- each person has a unique role to play to help the person deal with a life situation
129
what is the cause of DID
- exposure to prolonged stress in childhood (abuse and neglect)
- attempt to disown a Part of themselves that may be too painful to live with
