Midterm #1 Flashcards
(34 cards)
what is development
- series of changes that could be for better or worse
- these changes involve trade offs
what are the 8 stages in lifespan development
- prenatal: conception-birth
- infancy: birth-18m
- early childhood: 18m-6y
- middle childhood: 6-11y
- adolescence: 11-20y
- early adulthood: 20-40y
- middle adulthood: 40-65y
- late adulthood - 65+
Chronological age
Number of months or years since an individuals birth
Developmental age
- The chronological age at which most show a particular level of physical or mental development
- ex/ developmental age for walking without assistance is 12 months
how is developmental and chronological age compared to determine if an individual is advanced?
- developmental age / chronological age >1, the person is advanced
Normative investigations
Research efforts designed to describe what is characteristic of a specific age or developmental stage.
Longitudinal design
- The same participants are observed repeatedly
- sometimes over many years.
Cross-sectional design
Groups of participants of different chronological ages are observed and compared at a given time.
What are advantages of longitudinal design
- Identification of individual differences
- can test a partitial hypothesis with cause & outcome
- direction of causation
What are didadvantages of longitudinal design
-Time consuming and costly
- data is completely lost by drop outs
- data contamination occurs via: biased sampling, practice effects, cohort effects
What is the cohort effect
- Cohort: group of people whowere born around the same time and grew up in similar cultural conditions
- idea that the same cohort ages as a group and therefor the condition follows that group rather than being correlated to a year
What are the advantages to a cross-sectional design
- takes less time to complete
-Less costly - not subject to practice effects
What are the disadvantages to cross-sectional design
- Cannot tell if early event has an impact on later event
- cohort effects
What are the two types of intelligence
Fluid and crystallized
what is fluid intelligence
- speed of reasoning
- memory
- declines as you age
what is crystallized intelligence
- world knowledge
- ex/ vocabulary
- increases over the lifetime
When does fluid intelligence start to decline
Early adulthood
How does aging affect memory
- Aging causes memory deficits even in highly educated individuals
- memory of general knowledge (semantic memory) that was acquired long ago is unaffected
- memory of personal events (episodic memory) that occurred long ago is unaffected
What is transience?
Tendency to lose access to info across time
What is absent mindedness
- Failure to remember info because of insufficient attention
What is the strange situation test?
- Widely used research
What occurs in the developmental stage of adolescence
- Identity vs role confusion
-Trying out different roles to see what works
What is Marcia’s identity status model?
- Graph that combines exploration and commitment into 4 categories
- high commitment, low exploration = foreclosure (makes choice without thinking)
- high commitment, high exploration = identity achievement (I’ve thought about it and (know)
-Low commitment, low exploration = identity diffusion (don’t know, don’t care)
-Low commitment, high exploration = moratorium (I’m thinking about what I should do)
What is a typical progression for adolescents with Marcia’s model
Identity diffusion → moratorium → identity achievement
