Chapter 12 Flashcards
chapter 12 (56 cards)
What is Social Psychology?
The study of the ways in which thoughts, feelings, perceptions, motives, and behaviours are influenced by interactions and transactions between people.
What does social reality refer to?
A phenomenon that emerges through social interactions and is constructive in nature.
What is confirmation bias?
The tendency to attend to only information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore contradictory information.
What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law explain?
It explains the relationship between arousal and performance, indicating that optimal performance occurs at moderate levels of arousal.
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
The tendency to overestimate dispositional (internal) factors and underestimate situational (external) factors when explaining others’ behaviour.
True or False: People are more likely to consider situational attributions for their own failures.
True.
What is the Actor-Observer Bias?
The tendency to use situational attributions to explain our own behaviours and dispositional attributions to explain others’ behaviours.
Fill in the blank: A self-serving bias leads people to take credit for their _______ while denying responsibility for their failures.
successes
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
A prediction about future behaviour or events that modifies interactions to produce what is expected.
What are the two basic social categories in social categorization?
- In-group
- Out-group
What is in-group bias?
An evaluation of one’s own group as better than others, often leading to favoritism towards in-group members.
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice refers to negative feelings and opinions about a target object due to group membership, while discrimination refers to inappropriate treatment of people as a result of prejudice.
What is the origin of stereotypes?
Out-group homogeneity, the belief that outsiders are all alike.
What does the contact hypothesis propose?
Co-operative action on shared goals can reduce hostility between groups.
What did the Milgram Experiment demonstrate?
Obedience to authority.
What did the Stanford Prison Experiment illustrate?
Situational attribution of behaviour.
What is the Asch Effect related to?
Normative influence on conformity.
What does attribution theory describe?
How social perceivers use information to generate causal explanations.
What is the significance of Mary Bell’s case in the context of social reality?
It illustrates how social reality can be constructed through complex interactions and perceptions in society.
What are the two ways to explain causality in attribution theory?
- Dispositional causality (internal cause)
- Situational causality (external cause)
What is the impact of self-fulfilling prophecies in educational settings?
Teachers’ expectations can lead to improved performance in students labeled as ‘academic spurters.’
What is the role of behavioral confirmation?
It is the process by which someone’s expectations about another person influence that person’s behaviour to confirm the expectations.
What is in-group variability?
The belief that members of one’s own group are more diverse.
What is out-group homogeneity?
The belief that members of an out-group are all alike.
