Chapter 11

Question 1

Neuroprosthetics

Answer 1

Field that develops computer-assisted devices to replace lost biological function

Question 2

Motor sequence

Answer 2

Movement modules preprogrammed by the brain and produced as a unit

Question 3

Cerebral palsy (CP)

Answer 3

Group of disorders that result from brain damage acquired perinatally (at or near birth)

Question 4

Quadriplegia

Answer 4

Paralysis of the legs and arms due to spinal cord injury; also referred to as tetraplegia

Question 5

Paraplegia

Answer 5

Paralysis of the legs due to spinal cord injury

Question 6

Scratch reflex

Answer 6

Automatic response in which an animal’s hind limb reaches to remove a stimulus from the surface of its body

Question 7

Body map

Answer 7

Representation of the human body in the sensory or motor cortex; also, any topographical representation of the body by a neural area

Question 8

Topographic organization

Answer 8

Neural spatial representation of the body or areas of the sensory world perceived by a sensory organ

Question 9

Action map

Answer 9

Representation of the body performing actions in the sensory or motor cortex; also, any topographical representation of the body in action by a neural area

Question 10

Position-point theory

Answer 10

Idea that the motor cortex allows an appropriate body part to be moved to a point in space

Question 11

Constraint-induced therapy

Answer 11

Procedure in which restraint of a healthy limb forces a person to use an impaired limb to enhance recovery of function

Question 12

Corticospinal tract

Answer 12

Bundle of nerve fibers that directly connects the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord; it branches at the brainstem into an opposite-side lateral tract, which informs movement of limbs and digits, and a same-side anterior tract, which informs movement of the trunk; also called pyramidal tract

Question 13

Corticobulbar tract

Answer 13

Bundle of nerve fibers that directly connects the cerebral cortex to the brainstem nuclei that control facial muscles

Question 14

Hyperkinetic symptom

Answer 14

Excessive involuntary movement, as seen in Tourette syndrome

Question 15

Hypokinetic symptom

Answer 15

Paucity of movement, as seen in Parkinson disease

Question 16

Glabrous skin

Answer 16

Skin that does not have hair follicles but contains larger numbers of sensory receptors than so hairy skin areas

Question 17

Nociception

Answer 17

Perception of pain, temperature, and itch

Question 18

Hapsis

Answer 18

Perceptual ability to discriminate objects on the basis of touch or contact

Question 19

Proprioception

Answer 19

Perception of the position and movement of the body, limbs, and head

Question 20

Rapidly adapting receptor

Answer 20

Body sensory receptor that responds briefly to the onset of a stimulus on the body

Question 21

Slowly adapting receptor

Answer 21

Body sensory receptor that responds as long as a sensory stimulus is on the body

Question 22

Deafferentation

Answer 22

Loss of incoming sensory input usually due to damage to sensory fibers; also loss of any afferent input to a structure

Question 23

Posterior spinothalamic tract

Answer 23

Pathway that carries fine-touch and pressure fibers toward the brain

Question 24

Ventrolateral thalamus

Answer 24

Part of the thalamus that carries information about body senses to the somatosensory cortex

Question 25

Anterior spinothalamic tract

Answer 25

Pathway from the spinal cord to the thalamus that carries information about pain and temperature toward the brain

Question 26

Monosynaptic reflex

Answer 26

Reflex requiring one synapse between sensory input and movement

Question 27

Pain gate

Answer 27

Hypothetical neural circuit in which activity in fine-touch and pressure pathways diminishes the activity in pain and temperature pathways

Question 28

Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)

Answer 28

Nuclei in the midbrain that surround the cerebral aqueduct joining the third and fourth ventricles; PAG neurons contain circuits for species-typical behaviors (eg female sexual behavior) and play an important role in the modulation of pain

Question 29

Referred pain

Answer 29

Pain that arises in one of the internal organs but is felt on the surface of the body

Question 30

Vestibular system

Answer 30

Somatosensory system comprising a set of receptors in each inner ear that respond to body position and to movement of the head

Question 31

Méniere disease

Answer 31

Disorder of the inner ear resulting in vertigo and loss of balance

Question 32

Apraxia

Answer 32

Inability to make voluntary movements in the absence of paralysis or other motor or sensory impairment, especially an inability to make proper use of an object