Chapter 14 until but not including"Creating novel circuits" (pp. 483-510) Flashcards
(31 cards)
Dyslexia
Impairment in learning to read and write; probably the most common learning disability
Learning
Relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior as a result of experience, leading to the acquisition of new understanding, behaviors, knowledge, attitudes, and skills
Pavlovian conditioning
Learning achieved when a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after its repeated pairing with some event (such as food); also called classical conditioning or respondent conditioning
Memory
Ability to recall or recognize previous experience
Eyeblink conditioning
Experimental technique in which subjects learn to pair a formerly neutral stimulus with a defensive blinking response
Fear conditioning
Conditioned emotional response between a neutral stimulus and an unpleasant event, such as a shock, that results in a learned association
Operant conditioning
Learning procedure in which the consequences of a particular behavior increase or decrease the probability of the behavior occurring again; also called instrumental conditioning
Priming
Using a stimulus to sensitize the nervous system to a later presentation of the same or a similar stimulus
Implicit memory
Unconscious memory; subjects can demonstrate knowledge, such as skill, conditioned response, or recall of events on prompting that is not intentional
Amnesia
Partial or total loss of memory
Explicit memory
Conscious memory; subjects can retrieve an item and indicate that they know the retrieved item is the correct one
Declarative memory
Ability to recount what one knows, to detail the time, place, and circumstances of events; often lost in amnesia
Procedural memory
Ability to recall a movement sequence or how to perform some act of behavior
Learning set
Rules of the game; implicit understanding of how a problem can be solved with a rule that can be applied in many different situations
Episodic memory
Autobiographical memory for events pegged to specific place and time contexts
Entorhinal cortex
Cortex located on the medial temporal lobe surface; provides a major route for neocortical input to the hippocampal formation; often degenerates in Alzheimer disease
Parahippocampal cortex
Cortex located along the dorsal medial temporal lobe surface
Perirhinal cortex
Cortex lying next to the rhinal fissure on the ventral surface of the brain
Visuospatial memory
Use of visual information to recall an object’s location in space
Neuritic plaque
Area of incomplete necrosis (dead tissue) consisting of a central protein core (amyloid) surrounded by degenerative cellular fragments; often seen in the cortex of people with neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer disease
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to remember events that took place before the onset of amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to remember events subsequent to a disturbance of the brain such as head trauma, electroconvulsive shock, or neurodegenerative disease
Korsakoff syndrome
Permanent loss of the ability to learn new information (anterograde amnesia) and to retrieve old information (retrograde amnesia) caused by diencephalic damage resulting from chronic alcohol use disorder or malnutrition that produces a vitamin B1 deficiency
Consolidation
Process of stabilizing a memory trace after learning
