Chapter 6

Question 1

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 1

Developmental disorder characterized by core behavioral symptoms including impulsivity, hyperactivity, and/or inattention

Question 2

Psychopharmacology

Answer 2

Study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior

Question 3

Substance use disorder (SUD)

Answer 3

A diagnostic term for a pattern of drug use in which people rely on a drug chronically and excessively, allowing it to occupy a central place in their life

Question 4

Psychoactive drug

Answer 4

Substance that acts to alter mood, thought, or behavior; is used to manage neuropsychological illness; and often is taken recreationally

Question 5

Agonist

Answer 5

Substance that enhances neurotransmitter function

Question 6

Antagonist

Answer 6

Substance that blocks neurotransmitter function

Question 7

Tolerance

Answer 7

Decrease in response to a drug with the passage of time

Question 8

Sensitization

Answer 8

A process in which repeated administration of a stimulus results in the progressive amplification of a response

Question 9

Zoopharmacognosy

Answer 9

Behavior in which nonhuman animals self-medicate

Question 10

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Answer 10

Range of physical and intellectual impairments observed in some children born following significant alcohol exposure during gestation

Question 11

Amphetamine

Answer 11

Synthetic compound that increases the neurotransmitter dopamine in the synaptic cleft by reversing the dopamine transporter

Question 12

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

Answer 12

Idea that excess dopamine activity causes symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 13

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor

Answer 13

Drug that blocks the enzyme monoamine oxidase from degrading such neurotransmitters as 5-HT, NE, and DA

Question 14

Tricyclic

Answer 14

Drug, characterized by its three-ring chemical structure, that blocks 5-HT reuptake transporter proteins

Question 15

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Answer 15

Drug that blocks 5-HT reuptake into the presynaptic terminal; most commonly used to treat depression

Question 16

Competitive inhibitor

Answer 16

Drug used to treat overdoses and opioid use disorder; an example is naloxone, which acts quickly to block opioid action by competing with the opioid for binding sites

Question 17

Disinhibition theory

Answer 17

Explanation holding that alcohol has a selective depressant effect on the brain’s frontal cortex, which controls judgement, while sparing subcortical structures responsible for more innate behaviors, such as desire

Question 18

Behavioral myopia

Answer 18

“Nearsighted” behavior displayed under the influence of alcohol, wherein local and immediate cues become prominent; remote cues and consequences are ignored

Question 19

Withdrawal symptom

Answer 19

Any of the physical and psychological behaviors displayed by when drug use ends

Question 20

Addiction

Answer 20

A complex brain disorder characterized by escalation, compulsive drug taking, and relapse

Question 21

Psychomotor activation

Answer 21

Increased behavioral and cognitive activity such that at certain levels of consumption, the person using the drug feels energetic and in control

Question 22

Wanting-and-liking theory

Answer 22

Explanation holding that when a drug is associated with certain cues, the cues themselves elicit desire for the drug; also called incentive sensitization theory