Chapter 16

Question 1

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 1

Syndrome characterized by physiological arousal brought on by recurring memories and dreams related to a traumatic event for months or years after the event

Question 2

Virtual reality (VR) exposure therapy

Answer 2

Controlled virtual immersion environment that, by allowing individuals to relive traumatic events, gradually desensitizes them to stress

Question 3

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 3

Behavioral disorder caused by elevated levels of the amino acid phenylalanine in the blood and resulting from a defect in the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase; the major symptom is severe developmental disability

Question 4

Clinical neuroscience

Answer 4

Specialty in the field of neuroscience that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders affecting the brain and central nervous system

Question 5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Answer 5

The American Psychiatric Association’s classification system for psychiatric disorders

Question 6

Behavioral modification

Answer 6

Treatment that applies learning principles, such as conditioning, to eliminate unwanted behaviors

Question 7

Cognitive therapy

Answer 7

Therapy based on the perspective that thoughts intervene between events and emotions, so the treatment of emotional disorders requires changing maladaptive patterns of thinking

Question 8

Psychotherapy

Answer 8

Talk therapy derived from Freudian psychoanalysis and other psychological interventions

Question 9

Real-time fMRI (rt-fMRI)

Answer 9

Behavior-modification technique in which individuals learn to change their behavior by controlling their own patterns of brain activation

Question 10

Bipolar disorder

Answer 10

Mood disorder characterized by periods of depression alternating with normal periods and periods of intense excitation, or mania

Question 11

Anxiety disorder

Answer 11

A disorder that includes a number of conditions in which unhelpful anxiety has a negative effect on daily life

Question 12

HPA axis

Answer 12

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal circuit that controls the production and release of hormones related to stress

Question 13

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Answer 13

Problem-focused, action-oriental, structured treatment for eliminating dysfunctional thoughts and maladaptive behaviors

Question 14

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

Answer 14

Progressive degenerative disease caused by multiple concussions and other closed-head injuries, characterized by neurofibrillary tangles, plaques, cerebral atrophy, and expanded ventricles due to cell loss

Question 15

Ischemic stroke

Answer 15

A stroke resulting from a blocked blood vessel

Question 16

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 16

A stroke resulting from bleeding from a blood vessel

Question 17

Diaschisis

Answer 17

Neural shock that follows brain damage in which areas connected to the site of damage show a temporary arrest of function

Question 18

Neuroprotectant

Answer 18

Drug used to try to block the cascade of poststroke neural events

Question 19

Focal seizure

Answer 19

Seizure that arises at a synchronous hyperactive, localized brain region (at a focus)

Question 20

Generalized seizure

Answer 20

Seizure that starts at a focal location, and then spreads rapidly and bilaterally to distributed networks in both hemispheres

Question 21

Autoimmune disease

Answer 21

Illness resulting from the loss of the immune system’s ability to discriminate between foreign pathogens in the body and the body itself

Question 22

Neurocognitive disorder

Answer 22

Acquired and persistent syndrome of intellectual impairment characterized by memory and other cognitive deficits and impairment in social and occupational functioning

Question 23

Akathisia

Answer 23

Small, involuntary movements or changes in posture; motor restlessness

Question 24

Festination

Answer 24

Tendency to engage in a behavior, such as walking, faster and faster

Question 25

Lewy body

Answer 25

Circular fibrous structure found in several neurocognitive disorders; forms within the cytoplasm of neurons and is thought to result from abnormal neurofilament metabolism

Question 26

Prion

Answer 26

From proteinaceous and infectious; an abnormally folded protein that causes progressive degenerative neurocognitive disorders

Question 27

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Answer 27

Neurosurgery in which electrodes permanently implanted in the brain stimulate a targeted area with a low-voltage electrical current to facilitate behavior

Question 28

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 28

Inability to stop the tongue or other body parts from moving; motor side effect of neuroleptic drugs

Question 29

Posttraumatic growth

Answer 29

The ability to cope with and compensate for deficits resulting from brain injury or disease

Question 30

Posttraumatic apathy

Answer 30

Condition characterized by diminished motivation and purposeful behavior following brain injury or disease