Chapter 11 Flashcards
(28 cards)
The idea that there is a common factor underlying externalizing disorders (strongly connected to disconstraint/constraint)
Externalizing Spectrum
What does ODD stand for?
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
What is ODD?
consistently negativistic, hostile, disobedient, and defiant behavior. They do not tend to be aggressive toward other people or animals, not likely to steal, or to destroy property.
Examples of ODD behavior
Losing temper easily, arguing with adults, defying rules, deliberately trying to annoy people, blaming mistakes on others, etc.
What percent of people with ODD will be diagnosed with ADHD?
50%
What does CD stand for?
Conduct Disorder
What is CD?
consistent violations of others and age appropriate norms. Characterized by a persistent pattern of 1.Aggression toward people and animals 2.Destruction of property 3.Decietfulness or theft 4.Serious violations of rules and social norms
CD is more difficult in which age group?
Children. 30-50% develop adult conduct disorders. Adolescents usually grow out of it. It is more common in boys than girls.
Don’t empathize with other people’s emotions (don’t seem to care)
Callous-Unemotional Traits (Limited Prosocial Emotions Specifier)
Diagnosis of CD in children
A diagnosis of CD with limited prosocial emotions is given to children who meet the full criteria for CD and have at least two of the following characteristics:
- Lack of remorse of guilt for their actions
- Lack of empathy for others
- Lack of concern about performance in important life domains
- Shallow or deficient emotions
Biological Explanation of ODD and CD
- They have been linked to genes (gene is MAOA-the short version) involved in the regulation of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. The combination of certain genes and a history of abuse is strongly linked to CD.
- Neurological Deficits
- Prenatal/Birth Factors
- BIS/BAS dysfunction
What does BIS stand for?
Behavioral Inhibition System: The idea that there are neurological mechanisms that regulate our behavior. Scan the environment looking for punishment queues or negative consequences.
What does BAS stand for?
Behavior Activation System: scans the environment looking for rewards (positive consequences) and activates approach behavior
Cognitive Factor explaining CD and ODD
Distorted Thinking such as hostile attributions to others behavior, aggressive solutions to problems and failure to consider consequences of action (focus on the immediate payoff)
Sociocultural/Family factors explaining ODD and CD
Poverty, dangerous neighborhoods and overcrowded housing, maltreatment, harsh discipline with a lack of warmth and deviant peer groups.
Behavioral Interventions for the treatment of externalizing problems in youth
- Punishment is not effective
- Positive reinforcement is needed
- Medication for co-morbid ADHD is needed
Cognitive Interventions for the treatment of externalizing problems in youth
Try to get them to think through interpretations and options before acting.
Note: This does not work with little kids
Characteristics that go along with Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Grandiose sense of self importance, lack of empathy for others, self centered, arrogant, haughty behaviors/attitudes.
Theoretical Explanations for Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Unrealistic and shallow self image as a means of coping
- Develop when people are treated too positively
- Develop as a response to rejection
- Enhanced individualism in the culture
- Smaller families
- Emphasis on uniqueness
Treatments for Narcissistic Personality Disorder
None of the major treatments have had much success
What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Characterized by an impairment in the ability to form positive relationships with others, a tendency to engage in behaviors that violate basic rights of others and social norms and values, deceit and manipulativeness, and a focus on doing whatever it takes to gratify ones personal desires.
Theoretical Explanations for ASPD
Genetics, problems with personality (poor impulse control, aggressiveness, fearlessness, sensation seeking, etc.) neuropsychological deficits (low activity in verbal skills, planning, and judgement), and negative childhood environment.
The problem with the treatment of ASPD?
The individuals lack of conscience or desire to change. They also tend to blame others, so treatment is unlikely to help. Instead, treatment is focused on other things like drug and alcohol problems, anger management, or empathy building.
Definition of psychopathology
Extends the criteria for antisocial personality disorder beyond persistent violations of others rights and social norms to include traits like egocentricity, shallow emotions, manipulativeness, and lack of empathy, guilt, and remorse. Often strongly associated with criminal externalizing behaviors, and overlaps with ASPD.
