Final Exam Flashcards by Katelyn Dinnies

a state of being profoundly out of touch with reality

psychosis

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a psychiatric diagnosis currently typified by psychosis along with disturbed thoughts, language, and behavior

schizophrenia

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what are positive symptoms?

overt symptoms, delusions, hallucinations, thought disorder, disorganized behavior

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beliefs that are highly unlikely to be true, fixed despite contradictory evidence

delusions

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what is a bizarre delusion?

a delusion that is not possible

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what is a non bizarre delusion?

a delusion that is plausible, but very unlikely

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what kind of delusion is connected with violence?

control delusions

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unreal perceptual experience in any sensory field (most commonly auditory)

hallucinations

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disordered thinking and speech

thought disorder

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examples of thought disorder

loose association, derailment, thought blocking, neologisms, clang associations, echolalia, echopraxia, word salad

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what is neologisms?

made up words

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what are clang associations?

word choice is based on the sound, not the meaning

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what is echolalia?

mimicking sounds

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what is echopraxia?

mimicking body movements

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wide variety of bizarre or disrupted patterns: catatonia, waxy flexibility, poor hygiene, agitation

grossly disorganized behavior

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negative symptoms (5 A’s)

affective flattening 
anhedonia 
alogia 
avolition 
asociality

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what is affective flattening?

lack of facial expression

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what is anhedonia?

lack of positive emotion

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what is alogia?

absence of speech production

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what is avolition?

the loss in motivation to carry out typical behaviors

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what is asociality?

not wanting to engage in social activity

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3 phases of schizophrenia

prodromal
active
residual

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treatment for schizophrenia?

1st generation anti-psychotics like prolixin or haldol. reduces symptoms in 75% of patients, must take maintenance doses. side effects: tardive dyskensia, parkinsonianism, depression, sedation, sexual dysfunction
2nd generation anti-psychotics like zyprexa, risperdal, or clozaril. has less severe side effects like weight gain, dizziness, etc.

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a significant disruption in ones conscious experience, memory, sense of identity, without physical cause

dissociation

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the presence of 2 or more distinct personalities that take turns controlling an individuals behavior, where switching is sudden and often dramatic

dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)

DID results from traumatic childhood experience

post traumatic model

DID results from socially reinforced multiple role enactments

sociocognitive model

examples of delusions

``` Persecutory Grandiose Referential Religious Somatic Erotomanic Jealous Nihilistic Control Thought withdrawal/insertion/broadcasting ```

brain structure abnormalities in a person with schizophrenia

``` Enlarged ventricles Smaller/less active prefrontal cortex – associated w/ negative symptoms Less cortical gray matter Less white matter Smaller/less active hippocampus ```

reinforcement techniques based on operant conditioning principles

behavioral interventions

significant impairment in the development of one or more cognitive domains

neurodevelopment disorder

mental retardation and physical abnormalities caused by three 21 chromosomes

down syndrome (trisomy 21)

genetic abnormality of X chromosome that causes learning disabilities, long shaped heads, and large ears

fragile X syndrome

liver fails to produce an enzyme that metabolizes phenylalanine, which causes intellectual disability, hyperactivity and seizures

phenylketonuria

progressive deterioration of the central nervous system resulting in death. there is no cure and it is more common in Jewish children (children rarely live past age 4)

tay-sachs disease

prenatal exposure to alcohol resulting in intellectual disability and physical abnormalities

fetal alcohol syndrome

the most common childhood physical trauma associated with permanent brain damage that causes severe bruising of the brain resulting in heavy bleeding within the skull

shaken baby syndrome

sociocultural factors for intellectual disability

extreme poverty (no prenatal care, meager nutrition, substandard schools)

how can you help someone with intellectual disabilities?

provide support for the person, promote "normal" functioning, get them in special education, group homes, supervised apartments, or family homes.

deficits in academic skills relative to expected functioning based on age, education level, and IQ) or a disorder that interferes with academic and/or daily living activities

learning disorder

3 types of learning disorders

dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia

how can you help someone with a learning disorder?

simplify concepts, reexplain concepts, develop problem solving techniques, reward success and appropriate behavior, and identify appropriate accommodations

core characteristics of autism spectrum disorders

persistent impairment (reciprocal social communications and social interaction) or restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. symptoms are present in early developmental period

persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

significant disturbance in one or more cognitive domains: like attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual-motor, or social cognition (significant change from previous behavior)

neurocognitive disorder

disturbed attention and awareness. symptoms occur rapidly over hours or days and tend to fluctuate over time. additional cognitive deficit must also be present

delirium

symptoms of delirium

fatigue, impaired concentration, restlessness, irritability or depression, perceptual disturbances, disrupted orientation, memory impairment (immediate to remote). relatively quick onset and often quick remission, symptoms can fluctuate (example: sundowning)

causes of delirium

most common is adverse drug reactions. also, severe illness, infections, surgery, neurological insult (stroke, seizure, etc.) dehydration or electrolyte imbalance.

how can you treat delirium?

figure out why it happened and treat that problem. sometimes psychotropic medicines are used to reduce agitation.

significant decline in one or more cognitive domains and impairment of everyday functioning

major neurocognitive disorder

modest decline in one or more cognitive domain, but no impairment of everyday functioning

mild neurocognitive disorder

alzheimers dementia

symptoms get worse over time: memory loss, executive function decline, depression/paranoia/delusions/hallucinations, agnosia (can't recognize faces), aphasia, apraxia (can't get your body to do what you want it to do), confusion/disorientation, personality change (aggression, inappropriate sexual behavior) death.

causes of alzheimers

brain shrinks due to cell death and reduced # of dendrites. neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques "gum up the works" of cells/synapses. this brain deterioration leads to dementia problems

4 types of dissociation disorders

1. dissociative fugue 2. depersonalization disorder 3. dissociative amnesia 4. dissociative identity disorder

the most basic ego defense mechanism

repression

a defense mechanism where good and bad are separated into different personalities

splitting

brain abnormalities associated with DID

smaller amygdala and hippocampus

treatment for DID

Basic goal is to integrate all personalities into one coherent personality. Frequently uses hypnosis Sometimes uses medications to help w/ anxiety, depression, etc. “Maps” personalities Explores trauma Learn new stress coping skills

less overt symptoms, representing a decline/loss of functioning

negative symptoms

the belief that someone is out to get them

persecutory delusion

the belief that someone or something is sending a specific message for them. A neutral event is believed to have special and personal meaning to them

referential delusion

the belief that they are an important figure, such as God or the President

grandiose delusion

the belief that God is talking to them, or that they are someone associated with God.

religious delusion

the belief that your body is abnormal in an extremely unlikely manner, such as being infested with parasites.

somatic delusion

the belief that someone, usually a stranger or person of higher power, is in love with them

erotomanic delusion

the belief that ones sexual partner is unfaithful; no trust

jealous delusion

the belief that ones self, a part of your body, or the world has been destroyed or is no longer there

nihilistic delusion

the belief that ones thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside, or alien forces

control delusions

what does the abnormal attentional processes say about schizophrenia?

says that positive symptoms are caused by over attention to irrelevant stimuli, and negative symptoms are caused by under attention to important stimuli

Final Exam Flashcards

(69 cards)