chapter 11

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

concerns the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviors that direct organism toward specific goals.

Question 2

drives

Answer 2

stimulations that our brain generates to push us to address basic biological needs

Question 3

homeostasis

Answer 3

our body’s physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the out environment

Question 4

allostasis

Answer 4

motivation is not only influenced by current needs, but also by the anticipation of future needs

Question 5

what signals us to stop eating?

Answer 5

ventromedial region of the hypothalamus

Question 6

satiation

Answer 6

the experience of being full and uninterested in eating any more.

Question 7

glucose

Answer 7

sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the brain and the rest of the body.

Question 8

cholecystokinin

Answer 8

when we eat expansion of our intestines stimulates neurons to release

Question 9

unit bias

Answer 9

the tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate amount to consume

Question 10

social facilitation

Answer 10

eating more.

dinner hosts encourage guests to take second and third helpings

Question 11

minimal eating norm

Answer 11

eating small amounts to avoid seeming rude.

Question 12

modeling

Answer 12

eating whatever their eating,

Question 13

obesity

Answer 13

an eating disorder in which people consume more food than they require to sustain their biological processes

Question 14

anorexia nervosa

Answer 14

eating disorder than involves self-starvation and intense fear of weight gain and dissatisfaction of owns body

Question 15

bulimia nervosa

Answer 15

• eating disorder that is characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge-eating, and purging.
• more likely to enter treatment programs.

Question 16

reproduction suppression hypothesis

Answer 16

eating disorders that result in low body fat may be a way for women to reduce the change of becoming pregnant when they are under stress or when they do not feel ready or well-supported

Question 17

sex drives

Answer 17

the human for sexual contact represents a basic biological need. the drive that motivates us to seek out sexual contact is called ubido

Question 18

Alfred Kinsey

Answer 18

interviewed his students about their sexual histories

Question 19

what are reasons people have sex

Answer 19

1. for physical reasons
2. to help attain a goal
3. for emotional reasons
4. because of insecurity

Question 20

William masters and Virginia Johnson

Answer 20

• first research study on sexual human response in the 1950s
• sexual response cycle:
  1. excitement
  2. plateau
  3. orgasm
  4. resolution

Question 21

orgasm and resolution

Answer 21

-the hypothalamus generates the orgasm the point of intense pleasure and release during the sexual response cycle in both men and women

Question 22

oxytocin

Answer 22

after an orgasm oxytocin is released from pituitary glands.

Question 23

sexual orientation

Answer 23

ones preference for engaging in sexual activity with opposite-sex partners (hetero) same sex partners (homo) or either (bi)

Question 24

gender roles

Answer 24

accepted attitudes and behaviors of males and females in a given society

Question 25

testosterone

Answer 25

responsible for sex drive in men and women

Question 26

Abraham Maslow

Answer 26

some motivations must take some provocations over others. | developed a hierarchy of needs

Question 27

underappreciated threats to mental health and causes of social problems

Answer 27

- sleep deprivation | - social isolation and rejection

Question 28

fulfilling our need to belong generates health benefits

Answer 28

- improves physical health | - loneliness lowers our immune system and increases our risk of disease

Question 29

passionate love

Answer 29

physical and emotional longing for the other person

Question 30

companionate love

Answer 30

related to tenderness and to the affection we feel when our lives are intertwined with another person

Question 31

factors associated with romantic partners staying together for the long-term include

Answer 31

- having a high level of attraction to begin with - strength between whatever obstacles exist that would prevent a breakup - the availability of alternative options

Question 32

esteem needs

Answer 32

also known as "achievement motivations"

Question 33

achievement motivation

Answer 33

the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals

Question 34

what part of the brain stimulates you to eat

Answer 34

the lateral part of the hypothalamus

Question 35

insulin

Answer 35

hormone secreted by the pancreas which helps store this circulating glucose for future use. insulin rises, hunger decreases

Question 36

orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 36

part of the frontal lobe above your eyes which judges the reward value of food.

Question 37

insula

Answer 37

receives information about taste

Question 38

basal ganglia

Answer 38

responds to physical rewards

Question 39

when someone eats something pleasurable and enjoyable what parts of the brain are active?

Answer 39

1. orbitofrontal cortex 2. insula 3. basal ganglia

Question 40

why do we naturally crave fats

Answer 40

specialized receptors on the tongue that are sensitive to the fat content of food. these receptors send messages to the brain that stimulate the release of endorphins and dopamine both which are part of the pleasure and rewards.

Question 41

ghrelin

Answer 41

hormone secreted in the stomach that stimulates stomach contractions and appetite.

Question 42

what are some factors of obesity

Answer 42

1. huge variety of food 2. craving fatty foods 3. economics, tends to effect the poor than the rich.

Question 43

what are some factors of eating disorders

Answer 43

1. stress 2. depression 3. guilt 4. anxiety 5. perfectionism 6. peer pressure 7. family issues

Question 44

libido

Answer 44

the motivation for sexual activity and pleasure

Question 45

Cindy Meston and David Buss

Answer 45

asked more than 1500 U.S college students to identify their reasons to have sex.

Question 46

refractory period

Answer 46

a time period during which erection and orgasm are not physically possible

Question 47

simon Levay

Answer 47

he found that an area of the hypothalamus was on average smaller in gay men compared to heterosexual men.

Question 48

sexual scripts

Answer 48

the set of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviors of males and females

Question 49

sex guilt

Answer 49

negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behavior

Question 50

the need to belong

Answer 50

is the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth affection appreciation and mutual concern for each persons well-being

Question 51

what is a risk factor for illness such as heart disease and cancer

Answer 51

loneliness

Question 52

what are some barriers that stop someone from leaving a relationship

Answer 52

children, religious, social and economic pressures

Question 53

approach goal

Answer 53

an enjoyable and pleasant incentive