chapter 5

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

refers to what we are aware of at any point of time and incudes perception, thoughts and feelings.

Question 2

infradian rhythms

Answer 2

biological rhythms that cycle over a period longer than a day (like female menstrual cycles)

Question 3

ultradian rhythms

Answer 3

biological rhythms that cycle over a period shorter than a day (hormone levels)

Question 4

circadian rhythms

Answer 4

biological rhythms that cycle over a 24 hour period (sleeping/waking cycle)

Question 5

suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Answer 5

the structure is responsible for coordinating our circadian rhythms with exposure to sunlight in the hypothalamus.

Question 6

pineal gland

Answer 6

releases hormones called melatonin that contributes to our level or alertness. the more melatonin the less alertness and more sleepiness. highest at night

Question 7

entrainment

Answer 7

the synchronization of biological rhythms with external cues, such as light or temperature

Question 8

endogenous rhythms

Answer 8

external cues do not modify some of our biological rhythms.

Question 9

what happens while we sleep?

Answer 9

demonstrates a circadian rhythm, while we are sleeping we go through shorter ultradian rhythms.

Question 10

polysomnography

Answer 10

these measures include body temperature, breathing rate and sensors for measuring muscle activity and electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 11

beta waves

Answer 11

high frequency low amplitude waves that dominate when we are awake and alert

Question 12

alpha wave

Answer 12

as a person transitions into sleep the frequency slows down a bit and the amplitude of the wave increases a bit

Question 13

4 stages of sleep

Answer 13

1. theta waves: brain waves are slower and amplitude increases, slower breathing
2. sleep spindles and k complexes: after 15 mins is when spindles appear which is a burst of high frequency. k complexes are bursts of high amplitude waves
3. delta waves: around 20 minutes. low frequency high amplitude waves. continues into stage 4 which is the deepest level of sleep.

Question 14

REM sleep

Answer 14

over an hour of sleeping and then in reverse to stage 1,
brain waves are faster in this stage, along with heart rate and breathing rates.
stages 1-4 are also referred to as non-rem sleep

Question 15

sleep deprivation

Answer 15

can lead to determination in mental and physical health

weakens immune system

Question 16

preserve and protect hypothesis

Answer 16

the idea that sleep serves function of conserving our energy and keeping us out trouble in the nighttime.
our eyes are not well functioned in the dark
animals that sleep the most tend to be at the least risk for getting eaten such as bats and lions

Question 17

sleep displacement

Answer 17

when we are unable to sleeping during our normal sleeping time. this tends to occur when we travel across time zones.
jet lag: uncomfortable period of adjustment while our biological rhythms synchronize with a new time zone after traveling.

Question 18

insomnia

Answer 18

inability to sleep. diagnose based on how rested people feel during their waking hours.

Question 19

types of insomnia

Answer 19

onset insomnia: problems getting to sleep
maintenance insomnia: trouble getting a full nights sleep from waking up too early
terminal insomnia: trouble getting a full nights sleep from waking up too early
secondary insomnia: difficulty sleeping caused by some primary influence like chronic pain, drug use, anxiety or depression

Question 20

night terrors

Answer 20

• less common. intense emotional reaction during sleep that cause screaming thrashing around and waking up in a state of panic
• not dreams

Question 21

restless leg syndrome

Answer 21

a persistent urge to continually shift the positions of ones leg.

Question 22

somnambulism

Answer 22

sleep walking. walking around or engaging in other activities while one is asleep. more common in children

Question 23

sexomnia

Answer 23

sleep sex

engaging in sexual activity during sleep, including touching oneself or others and talking dirty

Question 24

REM behavior disorder

Answer 24

physically actingout the action that one is performing as part of the dream

Question 25

sleep apnea

Answer 25

a disorder in which a person has difficulty sleeping because or reoccurring episodes of not being able to breathe more common in men

Question 26

narcolepsy

Answer 26

a disorder in which individuals are very sleepy or even prone to rapidly and unpredictably falling asleep during waking hours

Question 27

how to maintain good sleep hygiene

Answer 27

1. bed should be for sleeping and sex not working 2. don't try to hard to sleep 3. exercise early in the day 4. avoid sleeping pills 5. if you cannot fall asleep get up and do something and then try again when you feel tired

Question 28

dreaming

Answer 28

while we sleep we go through experiences that feel very real. differentiate extremely between one individual to the next. female students dreams tend to be associated with failing, loosing control and dangerous animals male students dreams tended to more on positive things

Question 29

why do we dream?

Answer 29

signmund freud idea was that dreaming was peoples wish-fulfilment, meaning us dreaming will give us some sight on what we want. we often dream about our everyday experiences/problems

Question 30

manifest content

Answer 30

the actual images and experiences we have while dreaming.

Question 31

latent content

Answer 31

the true meaning of our dreams lying at the root of the symbols that form the manifest content of our dreams.

Question 32

dream work

Answer 32

a psychoanalysis technique in which the client records dreams and the analyst tried to interpret their true meanings

Question 33

the activation synthesis hypothesis

Answer 33

in REM, the pons in our brain stem send random bursts of neural activity up to the rest of the brain, causing rapid eye movement and stimulates the visual auditory and other centers of the brain that we rely on to feel real life sensations frontal lobes most accepted theory

Question 34

problem solving theory of dreaming

Answer 34

perhaps dreams provide a way to work through life problems you may have experienced a dream in failing a test, getting fired from your job or your partner cheating on you. these sorts of dreams have something to do with our real life concerns

Question 35

brain death

Answer 35

a condition which no part of the brain is functional but life support machines may keep vital organs going. once taken off life support the person would no longer be alive

Question 36

coma

Answer 36

the brain still functions to an extent but the person still remains unconscious and unaware of their surroundings

Question 37

persistent vegetative state

Answer 37

the person's conscious awareness ranges from none to minimal. but they remain almost completely unaware of themselves or their surroundings

Question 38

permanent vegetative state

Answer 38

a person who has remained in a persistent vegetative state for more than 3 months. after another 3 months it is very rare for the person to recover.

Question 39

minimally-conscious state

Answer 39

patients occasionally exhibit actions that suggest some minimal awareness. may be able to answer yes/no quesions

Question 40

locked in state

Answer 40

the person is very aware of their surroundings yet are unable to do anything that would make appear conscious to others. damage to the pons

Question 41

hypnosis

Answer 41

state of high suggestibility | no magic or special powers

Question 42

types of hypnotic suggestions

Answer 42

ideomotor suggestions: physical actions, the hypnotist tells the person that they are an animal such as a chicken challenge suggestions: actions that cannot be perform, such as telling the person to move their arm cognitive perceptual-suggestions: suggestions to remember or forget or alter their perception of reality. such as the hypnotist might suggest that the sun is beating down on the subject as they walk across the desert when they are really just on a stage.

Question 43

hypnotherapy treats...

Answer 43

``` depression programs to quit smoking eating disorders phobias addictions acute pain ```

Question 44

what are the two processing systems?

Answer 44

unconscious processing system: unconscious thoughts and guides our behaviors without the involvement of our conscious mind ex: riding a bike. executive processing system: the conscious mind that maintains our awareness of events reflects critically about the current situation, and plans our behaviors.

Question 45

meditation

Answer 45

altered state of consciousness that is more personal but many people say its equally dramatic. heightened state of awareness through developing a calmer internal state

Question 46

forms of meditation

Answer 46

focused-attention (FA) meditation:involves focusing attention on a single external or internal object, such as breathing or a candlelight flicker open monitoring meditation: starts in FA meditation and proceeds to learning t attend to internal and external experiences in the moment without focusing on/judging any one aspect.

Question 47

advantages of meditation

Answer 47

improves emotional and behavioral control | reduces personal anxieties about the past and future

Question 48

drug

Answer 48

any substance that we ingest for the purpose of effecting some aspect of our physiology and not for our nourishment or appetite

Question 49

agonist

Answer 49

drugs that increase the amount of neurotransmitters available in the synapse between neurons

Question 50

antagonist

Answer 50

drugs that decrease the amount of neurotransmitters available in the synapse between neurons

Question 51

dopamine

Answer 51

effected by drugs such as cocaine or meth. the release of dopamine in two key centers of the brain which are: 1. nucleus accumbens 2. ventral tegmental (VTA)

Question 52

long term effects of psychoactive drugs

Answer 52

tolerance: a person has to increase doses of the drug to experience the same amount of high withdrawal symptoms: negative side effects that occur after terminating regular use of a drug physical dependence: unable to stop taking a drug because of the withdrawal symptom psychological dependence: use of a drug to suppress negative psychological states ex: depression, rather than to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Question 53

stigma

Answer 53

addicts have a challenge in overcoming stigma. stigmas are imposed by societies and communities that cause major discrimination and hurt.

Question 54

stimulants

Answer 54

increase nervous system activity and give a person pleasure ex: cocaine, caffeine, and ecstasy (MDMA)

Question 55

hallucinogenic drugs

Answer 55

alter ones perception and can produce vividly d auditory, visual or tactile perceptions in the absence of any sensory input. can be seen as dreams protruding from ones conscious experience while they are awake. ex: LSD, magic mushrooms

Question 56

marijuana

Answer 56

has both stimulants and hallucinogenic and narcotic properties. active ingredient is THC, which mimics the neurotransmitter, anandamide which stimulates feelings of euphoria and relaxation.

Question 57

opiates

Answer 57

``` similar in chemical structure to a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins. opiates such as pain killers have potent painkilling effects and generate strong feelings of euphoria ex: morphine, oxycodone. ```

Question 58

sedative

Answer 58

opposite result of stimulants. reduce altertness and mental activity

Question 59

alcohol

Answer 59

increases the amount of GABA within synapses, dopamine and endorphin levels.

Question 60

alcohol consumption is associated with a number of social problems

Answer 60

1. sexual assault 2. physical assault 3. intimate partner violence 4. unwanted pregnancy 5. STDs 6. automobile and workplace accidents

Question 61

long term effects of alcohol

Answer 61

brain damage | liver problems