CHAPTER 11

Question 1

what is DNA

Answer 1

genetic instructions that inform the organism how to operate to survive

Question 2

structure of DNA

Answer 2

double helix

Question 3

what are the monomers in DNA called

Answer 3

nucleotides

Question 4

what does the order of the bases on DNA do

Answer 4

codes for an organisms genes

Question 5

what is on each of the nucleotides

Answer 5

a base A,C,G,T

Question 6

how Is DNA bonded together

Answer 6

two bases (one on each strand of the helix) pair up and form cross links to keep the two strands of nucleotides together

Question 7

what is the process in which DNA is made

Answer 7

the condensation polymerisation of the nucleotides

Question 8

equation for the formation of DNA

Answer 8

millions of nucleotides -> DNA + water

Question 9

what are sugars made from

Answer 9

carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

Question 10

how are carbonates formed?

Answer 10

sugars react together by polymerisation to form carbohydrates

Question 11

what are plastics made from

Answer 11

polymers

Question 12

how are polymers made

Answer 12

polymerisation

when long chains of monomers join together

Question 13

what monomers are commonly found in plastics

Answer 13

alkenes

Question 14

what is the smallest unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 14

ethene

Question 15

ethene monomers

Answer 15

polythene

Question 16

what polymer does propene make

Answer 16

polypropene

Question 17

properties of polypropene 2

Answer 17

very strong and tough

Question 18

uses of polypropene 3

Answer 18

carpets, milk crates, ropes

Question 19

propene monomers ->

Answer 19

poly(propene )

Question 20

what must be present for addition polymerisation

Answer 20

a double covalent bond

Question 21

process of addition polymerisation

Answer 21

the double covalent bond in an alkene opens up
it is replaced by a single carbon-carbon bond between the atoms and another bond to the other side of the atom (to attach to another carbon atom )

Question 22

what conditions are needed for addition polymerisation 2

Answer 22

catalyst and high pressure

Question 23

what is important to remember about the number of atoms in an addition polymer

Answer 23

nothing else is formed so it contains exactly the same type and number of atoms as the momomers that formed it

Question 24

what makes an alkene more reactive than an alkane

Answer 24

the double c=c bond in the alkene

Question 25

how many products will be formed in any addition reaction between alkenes

Answer 25

1

Question 26

2 examples of condensation polymers

Answer 26

nylon and polyester

Question 27

what are two common examples of the small molecules given off in a condensation reaction

Answer 27

water | hydrogen chloride

Question 28

the main difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation

Answer 28

in addition you only get one product (the polymer) | in condensation you get a polymer + a small molecule

Question 29

what is important to remember about the monomers in addition polymerisation

Answer 29

they are often the same alkene

Question 30

what is important to remember about the monomers in condensation polymerisation

Answer 30

the monomers are often used one monomer will have a certain type of functional group at each end of its molecule the other will have a different type of functional group at each end of its molecule but they must react together or one monomer type with two different functional groups

Question 31

when nylon is produced what small molecule is released

Answer 31

hydrogen | chloride gas

Question 32

general equation to make polyester

Answer 32

a diol + a dicarboxylic acid -> a polyester + water

Question 33

what is a diol

Answer 33

an alcohol containing two -OH groups

Question 34

what is a dicarboxylic acid

Answer 34

a carboxylic acid containing two -COOH groups

Question 35

general way of presenting an diol

Answer 35

H0 - box -OH

Question 36

general way of presenting any dicarboxylic acid

Answer 36

HOOC - box -COOH

Question 37

3 naturally occurring polymers

Answer 37

starch, cellulose and protein

Question 38

what are carbohydrates made from

Answer 38

sugar

Question 39

general formula for carbohydrates

Answer 39

cX h20 Y

Question 40

What is a monosaccharide

Answer 40

made of one sugar unit

Question 41

how are starch and cellulose formed

Answer 41

condensation | polymerisation of glucose and water is lost

Question 42

glucose monomers

Answer 42

- > starch polymers + water | - > cellulose polymers + water

Question 43

what is a polysaccharide

Answer 43

made of more than one sugar unit

Question 44

what will a variety of amino acids combine to produce

Answer 44

protein + water

Question 45

what two functional groups does an amino acid contain

Answer 45

amino group and a carboxylic acid group

Question 46

functional amino group

Answer 46

NH2

Question 47

what is the smallest Amino acid

Answer 47

glycine

Question 48

what polymers can amino acids form

Answer 48

polypeptides

Question 49

how are polypeptides formed

Answer 49

condensation | polymerisation

Question 50

why are polypeptides formed

Answer 50

the acidic carboxyl group and the basic amino group (an acid and a base react together )

Question 51

what is lost when a polypeptide is formed

Answer 51

water

Question 52

what are long chain polypeptides called

Answer 52

proteins