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EMT > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Patient assessment

A

procedures to find out what is wrong with the patient to help you decide what emergency medical care should be provided

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2
Q

Vital Signs

A

signs of life - give you clues to what is happening

respiration, pulse, skin, pupils, blood pressure, pulse oximetry

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3
Q

baseline vital signs

A

the first set of vital signs which to compare next vitals

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4
Q

sphygomanometer

A

blood pressure cuff

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5
Q

stethoscope

A

listen to lungs and take blood pressure

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6
Q

What are necessary items to carry?

A

sphygomanometer, stethoscope, watch, penlight, shears, notebook, PPE, pulse oximeter

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7
Q

How do you check Respiratory Rate?

A

observing the patients chest rise and fall per minute - 30 seconds and multiply by 2

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8
Q

How can you tell if respiration is average and normal?

A

1 inch expansion, not using accessory muscles of chest, neck or abdomen, rate is normal, exhalation is twice as long as inhalation, no abnormal sounds

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9
Q

Cheyne Stokes

A

respiratory rate and tidal volume gradually increase and gradually decrease followed by apnea for up to 10 seconds

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10
Q

Biot

A

Tidal volume doesn’t change but respiratory pattern is interrupted by period of apnea

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11
Q

Apneustic

A

prolonged periods of inhalation

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12
Q

Ataxic

A

irregularly irregular pattern of rate and tidal volume

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13
Q

Agonal

A

Long periods of apnea with gasping breath interposed

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14
Q

Kussmaul

A

Rapid respiratory rate with a deep labored tidal volume

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15
Q

Central neurogenic hyperventilation

A

a sustained deep and rapid respiratory rate of at least 25 breaths per miniute but with regular pattern

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16
Q

Location of pulses

A 
Carotid artery - neck
Femoral artery - groin
Radial artery - wrist
Brachial artery - upper arm
Popliteal artery - behind knee
Posterior tibial artery - ankle bone
Dorsalis pedis artery - top of foot on toe side
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17
Q

Which location should you check pulse for 1 year or older?

A

radial first then carotid if can’t get radial

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18
Q

Which location should you check pulse for infant?

A

brachial

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19
Q

tachycardia

A

heart rate greater than (fast)

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20
Q

Bradycardia

A

heart rate less than 60 (slow)

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21
Q

What position should patient be in to assess pulse?

A

sitting or lying down - 30 seconds and multiply by 2 - irregular pulse for 1 minute

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22
Q

bounding pulse

A

pulse that is abnormally strong

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23
Q

thready pulse

A

weak, rapid pulse

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24
Q

A weak pulse is an indication of what?

A

poor cardiac output, not enough being ejected from left ventricle

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25
conjunctivia
mucous membrain that line the eye lid
26
Where should you assess color?
nail beds, oral mucosa (membranes of the mouth) and conjunctiva (line eye lid) should be pink
27
What does paleness or pallor sign?
vasoconstriction, blood loss or both, shock (hypoperfusion) heart attack, fright, anemia, fainting or emotion distress
28
cyanosis
blue grey color in fingertips and mouth
29
What does red color or flushing indicate?
heat exposure, peripheral vasodilation, carbon monoxide poisoning
30
What does yellow or jaundice indicate?
liver disease
31
What does mottling indicate?
blotching, similar to cyanosis, may be a sign of shock or patients with pooling blood in the extremities
32
What does clammy skin indicate?
Diaphoresis (sweating) | shock, poisoning, heat related, cardiac or diabetic emergency
33
What does abnormally dry skin indicate?
spinal injury or severe dehydration
34
Capillary refill time
time it takes for compressed capillaries to fill again - longer time may indicate circulation through capillaries may be inadequate or shock
35
What can dilated eyes indicate?
drug use
36
What can constricted eyes indicate?
central nervous system disorder, narcotics, glaucoma medications or brightly lit environment
37
What can eye inequality indicate?
stoke, head injury, artificial eye, disease of eye, eye drops or injury to the eye or nerve
38
What can pupils not constricting simultaneously signify?
cranial nerve damage
39
What does slow response to light in eyes indicate?
poor oxygen state (hypoxia), drug overdose or inadequate perfusion
40
What does fixed and dilated eyes indicate?
cardiac arrest, severe head injury, sefere hypoxia, poor perfusion to the brain
41
How does pulse corollate with blood pressure?
If blood pressure is low, pulse will be weak, if blood pressure is high, pulse will be bounding and strong
42
How is systolic blood pressure identified?
First distinct sound (Korotkoff sound) heard when measuring blood pressure by auscultation (stethoscope) and sphygmomanometer (cuff)
43
How is diastolic blood pressure identified?
During auscultation (listening) when the Systolic (Korotkoff) sound disappears or changes drastically
44
pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
45
hypotension
low blood pressure
46
hypertension
high blood pressure
47
antecubital fossa
front of the elbow
48
If the patient is experiencing chest pain, why would you check the blood pressure in both upper extremities?
If there is a difference of 20 in the systolic reading, it may indicate evolving problem with the aorta in the patients chest
49
Orthostatic vital signs (Tilt test)
supine position, measure blood pressure and heart rate, then stand patient up and reassess after 2 minutes
50
What does positive orthostatic test indicate?
significant loss of blood or fluid volume
51
25% of patients over what age will falsely test positive in orthostatic tilt test uses a drop in BP and using a heart rate would be more sensitive indicator of blood loss?
65
52
What do beta blockers do?
prevent heart rate from increasing
53
How often should vitals be taken?
eery 15 minutes, or 5 minutes if patient is unstable, immediately following every medical intervention
54
Pulse oximetry
measuring oxygen saturation in the blood using a pulse oximeter
55
Where can oximeter probe be clipped?
finger, toe, earlobe, bridge of nose - most common is the finger
56
What reading does a pulse oximeter provide?
percent of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen
57
At what percent reading on an oximeter should hypoxia be indicated?
94% investigated, 90% definite indication of hypoxic
58
What are some reasons an oximeter may not be accurate?
shock or hypoperfusion, hypothermia, excessive movement like seizures, nail polish, carbon monoxide, cigarette smokers because carbon monoxide is a byproduct of smoke, anemia
59
Capnometry (EtCO2 Monitor)
End tidal carbon dioxide monitor - measures level of carbon dioxide at the end of each exhaled breath
60
PaCO2
concentration of CO2 in the arterial blood
61
chief complaint
the reason why the EMS crew was called to the scene
62
What is the order when taking gaining information?
determine chief complaint, obtaining info about present illness, significant medical history and current health status, demographics,
63
What data is collected for statistical, record keeping and demographic purposes?
date, time, identifying data (age, sex and race)
64
What is included in current health status?
current meds, allergies, tobacco use, alcohol/drug use, diet, screening tests done recently, immunizations, environmental hazards, use of safety equipment, family history
65
What does SAMPLE history mean?
``` Signs and symptoms Allergies Medications Pertinent past history Last oral intake Events leading up to illness or injury ```
66
What does OPQRST mean?
QUESTIONS TO ASK Onset (how began) Provocation/palliation/position (what makes worse, better, how found) Quality (level of pain) Radiation (where do you feel pain, moves or radiates) Severity (how bad - scale of 1 to 10) Time (how long)

EMT (7 decks)

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