Chapter 7 Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
A
Anatomy is the structure of the body parts in relation to each other. Physiology is how the body parts function and work.
2
Q
What is the anatomical position?
A
erect, forward, arms down, palms out
3
Q
Describe supine, prone, lateral, Fowlers, Semi Fowlers, Trendelenburg and Shock positions.
A
supine - on back prone - on stomach lateral - on side Fowlers - 45 to 60 degrees sitting semi fowlers- less than 45 degrees Trendelenburg- inclined with feet up Shock - feet and legs elevated 12 inches
4
Q
What are anatomical planes?
A
imaginary divisions of the body used to describe
5
Q
sagittal plane
A
median plane that divides the body into left and right
6
Q
Coronal plane
A
frontal plane - divides the body into front and back halves
7
Q
Transverse plane
A
Horizontal plane - divides the body into upper and lower planes (axial plane)
8
Q
Midline
A
top of the head, thru the nose, between the legs - dividing the body in half right and left
9
Q
Midaxillary
A
sideways, armpit down to ankle, dividing the body into front and back halves
10
Q
Transverse line
A
across the waist dividing the body top (superior) and bottom (inferior)
11
Q
Anterior
A
toward front
12
Q
Posterior
A
toward back
13
Q
Superior
A
toward top (head)
14
Q
Inferior
A
toward bottom (feet)
15
Q
Dorsal
A
toward back (spine)
16
Q
Ventral
A
toward front (abdoman)
17
Q
Medial
A
toward center (midline)
18
Q
lateral
A
away from the center (left or rt)
19
Q
Ipsilateral
A
same side
20
Q
Contralateral
A
opposite side
21
Q
Proximal
A
near point of reference
22
Q
Distal
A
away from point of reference
23
Q
Mid Clavicular
A
center of collarbone
24
Q
Mid axillary
A
center of armpit (axilla)
25
Planter
sole of foot
26
Palmer
palm of hand
27
Ligaments
connect bone to bone
28
Tendons
connect bone to muscles
29
Occipital region
head
30
Torso region
trunk of the body
31
Cervical region
neck
32
What is the purpose of the Skeletal System?
shape, protect vital organs, allow movement, store minerals, produce blood cells
33
6 components of skeletal system
1. skull. 2. spinal column, 3. thorax 4. pelvis 5. upper extremities 6. lower extremities
34
What are the 2 bones that make up the jaw?
Maxilla and Mandible
35
Humerous
Upper bone of the arm
36
Radius and Ulna
2 bones of lower arm, radius (front, thumb side) ulna (back, pinky side)
37
What bones make up the hand?
carpals (wrist), metacarpals (hand), phalanges (fingers)
38
Cervical spine
neck region, C1-C7 first 7 vertebrae
39
Thoracic spine
upper back T1-T12, 12 pairs of thoracic rib are attached to spine
40
Lumbar spine
lower back, L1-15, 5 vertebrae, least mobile, most injuries
41
Sacral spine
back of pelvis, S1-S5, fused together to form the rigid part of pelvis called sacrum
42
Coccyx
tailbone, last 4 vertebrae, fused together no protrusions like other vertebrae.
43
Sternum
breastbone, 24 ribs in 12 pairs are attached
44
True ribs
first 7 pairs attached to sternum
45
Manubrium
clavicle attached to superior portion of sternum
46
Xiphoid process
inferior portion of the sternum
47
Iliac crest
wings of the pelvis
48
pubis
anterior and inferior portion of pelvis
49
ischium
posterior and inferior portion of the pelvis
50
Femur
large upper leg bone (thigh bone)
51
tibia and fibia
bones of lower leg (tibia is large inside, fibia is small, outside)
52
bones of the foot
Tarsals - ankle
Metatarsals- foot
phalanges - toes
53
medial malleolus
distal end of the tibia of the ankle
54
calcancus
heel bone
55
scapula
shoulder blade
56
clavicle
collarbone
57
acromion
tip of the shoulder blade
58
olecranon
part of the ulna that forms the prominence of the elbow
59
Flexion
bending toward the body decreasing angle
60
Extension
straightening away from the body, increasing angle
61
Abduction
movement away from midline
62
Adduction
movement toward the midline
63
Circumduction
combo of movements that allow 360 degrees
64
Supination
turning forearm palm is toward front
65
Ball and socket joint
widest range of motion (hips and shoulders)
66
Hinged joint
flexion and extension (elbows and knees)
67
Pivot joint
turning motion (head and neck, wrist)
68
Gliding joint
simplest movement, one bone slides across another (hands and feet)
69
Saddle joint
shaped to permit combination of limited movements along perpendicular planes (ankle and foot to turn inward as up and down)
70
Condyloid joint
modified ball and socket that limits motion - up and down and side to side but not rotate all the way around
71
Skeletal Muscle
voluntary muscles, contract and relaxed by will of person - moving
major muscle mass of the body
72
Smooth Muscles
involuntary muscles, automatic functions
| move blood thru veins, bile thru gallbladder, food thru digestive, etc - no direct control but may respond to stimuli
73
Cardiac Muscle
walls of heart, special involuntary muscle, automaticity - generates impulses on its own even with disconnected from CNS (central nervous system)
74
4 functions of Respiratory System
Respiration
Ventilation
Oxygenation
buffer acid-base balance
75
zygomatic bone
cheeks
76
orbit bones
eye
77
bones of the cranium
occipital - back lower
2 parietal - top
2 temporal - sides
frontal - front (forehead)
78
What is the only bone in the face that can move?
mandible (lower jaw) largest and strongest
79
What organs are near the pelvis?
intestines, bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
80
pronation
turning the palm toward the back
81
Respiration
moving oxygen and carbon dioxide across membranes, the alveoli, capillaries and cells
82
Oygenation
oxygen molecules move across membrane from high concentration to low concentration
83
Ventilation
changes in pressure in and out of the chest that causes air to move in or out of lungs...The mechanics of breathing
84
What are the parts of the Upper Airway?
nose and mouth, pharynx (naso, oro, laryngopharynx) and Larynx...ends at the cricoid cartilage
85
What are the parts of the Lower Airway?
Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
86
Vasoconstriction
smooth muscles (vessel) is constricted (smaller)
87
Vasodilation
smooth muscle (vessel) is dilated (bigger)
88
Conchae
3 bony ridges located on the sides of the nasal cavity
89
Pharynx
Naso oro, laryngopharynx that extends from soft palate to superior askpect of esophagus
90
Larynx
anterior portion of throat to the trachea, includes vocal cords
91
Thyroid cartilage
Adams Apple
92
Cricoid cartilage
forms a complete circumferential ring that connects with trachea
93
Epiglottis
opens and closes to allow food and liquid to slide into esophagus
94
Aspiration
breathing a substance into the lungs
95
Bronchi
2 main tubes that connect to the lungs
96
Alveoli
tiny air sacs that are the site of gas exchange in the lungs
97
Surfactant
fats and protein molecules in the lining in the alveoli that reduce surface tension
98
Visceral pleura
connective tissue that covers outer surface of the lungs
99
Parietal pleura
connective tissue that covers internal chest wall
100
Pleural cavity
between parietalpleural and visceral pleura with negative pressure that allos lungs to stay inflated
101
Diaphragm
main muscle in that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity that is essential to breating
102
Why is the anatomy differences of the respiratory sysstem in infants and children essential to know?
obstruction easier...mouth and nose are smaller, tongue is proportionally bigger, narrower trachea, cricoid cartilage is less developed and less rigid, chest wall is softer and they rely more heavily on diaphragm
103
Respiratory rate
breaths in one minute (avg adult 12-20)
104
Tidal volume
amount of pair in and out in one breath
105
What are some characteristics of inadequate breathing?
```
too fast or too slow
irregular pattern
diminished or absent sounds
unequal or inadequate chest expansion
pale or bluish, cool or clammy skin
use of accessory muscles
nasal flaring, seesaw breathing, head bobbing, gasping, grunting
```
106
Agonal respirations
occasional gasping for breaths often seen just before death
107
What 3 things make up the circulatory system?
heart
blood vessels
blood
108
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
```
perfusion of cells with oxygen and removal of CO2 and other waste
transporting blood to cells and alveoli
reservoir to house blood
buffering acid/base balance
deliver immune cells
promote clotting
```
109
Pericardium
double walled sac that encloses the heart, give support and prevents friction as the heart moves
110
Atria
upper chambers of the heart - receives blood from veins - right receies oxygen depleted from veins, left receives oxygen rich from pulmonary veins from the lungs
111
Ventricles
lower chambers of the heart - pump blood out to arteries
right-oxygen depleted out to arteries to go to lungs
left - oxygen rich out to aorta to send out to rest of the body
112
Tricuspid valve
between right atrium and right ventricle
113
Pulmonary valve
base of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
114
Mitral valve (bicuspid)
between left atrium and left ventricle
115
Aortic valve
base of the aortic artery and the left ventricle
116
Aorta artery
from heart to spine - supplies all arteries with blood
117
Coronary arteries
supply heart itself with blood
118
Carotid arteries
each side of the neck - supply brain and head with blood
119
Femoral arteries
major artery of the thigh, supply groin and legs
120
Dorsalis pedis arteries
top of foot, felt on the top by big toe side
121
Posterior tibial arteries
calf to foot, pulse felt by ankle bone
122
Brachial arteries
major artery of upper arm, felt inside arm between shoulder and elbow
123
Radial arteries
lower arm, felt in the wrist
124
Pulmonary arteries
right ventricle to lungs - only ones that carry deoxygenated blood
125
Arteriole
smallest kind of artery - carry blood into the capillaries
126
Venules
smallest branch of veins - end of capillaries that carry oxygen depleted to larger veins
127
Veins
carry blood back to the heart - all carry oxygen depleted blood except pulmonary.
128
Venae cavae
main vein that carries oxygen depleted blood back to right atrium
129
pulmonary veins
carry oxygen rich blood from the lungs to left atrium
130
Red blood cells
give blood its color, carry oxygen to the body cells, carry carbon dioxide away from the cells
131
hemoglobin
carries oxygen molecules and carbon dioxide molecules in the blood
132
White blood cells
part of the body's immune system, fight infection
133
Platelets
clotting to stop bleeding
134
Plasma
liquid part of the blood, carries to tissues
135
What are the 2 ways to determine adequacy of circulation of blood?
pulse
| blood pressure
136
Blood pressure
force exerted by the blood on the interior walls of the arteries
137
Systolic blood pressure
pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle contracts - measures effectiveness of pumping function
138
Diastolic blood pressure
pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle is at rest (between contractions)
139
Hydrostatic pressure
pressure that may cause blood in the capillaries to force fluid thru capillary wall (leak)
140
Edema
swelling occurring in the tissues due to hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid to leak from capillaries and collect, gas exchange becomes more difficult and less effective
141
Perfusion
delivery of oxygen, glucose and nutrients to the cells and eliminate carbon dioxide and waste from the cells thru the capillaries
142
hypoperfusion
insufficient supply of oxygen and inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide in blood
143
How is Oxygen carried in the blood? (2 ways)
hemoglobin (97%) and dissolved in plasma
144
How is Carbon Dioxide carried in the blood? (3 ways)
bicarbonate (70%)
attached to hemoglobin (23%)
dissolved in plasma
145
Aerobic metabolism
cell metabolism (glucose to energy) with oxygen
146
What are the by-products of glucose metabolism
water, heat and. carbon dioxide
147
Anaerobic metabolism
cell metabolism (glucose to energy) without the presence of oxygen (little energy is produced)
148
Nervous system
controls the voluntary and involuntary activity of the body
149
What are the basic functions of the Nervous System?
control and maintain conscious and aware state
transmitting sensory stimuli to brain for interpretation
controlling motor function and impulses to muscles for vol and invol movement, controlling autonomic nervous system
150
Central Nervous System
brain and spinal cord
151
Cerebrum
outer most portion of the brain, occupies nearly all the cranial cavity - sensation, thought, speech, memory
152
Cerebellum
"small brain" posterior and inferior of cranium - muscle activity and balance
153
Brainstem
mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongotta
154
What 3 major control centers does the medulla oblongata consist of?
```
respiratory center (rate and depth of resp)
cardia center (rate and contraction of heart)
vasomotor center(controls blood pressure-dilation and constriction of blood vessles)
```
155
Peripheral Nervous System
nerves outside the spinal column and brain
| carry info from the body to the spinal cord and back
156
What 2 components of the nervous system control consciousness?
Cerebral hemispheres and reticular activating system (RAS). RAS and at least one hemisphere must be functioning,
157
Endocrine System
glands that secrete horomones that have effects on organs.
158
Pineal glands
regulate circadian rhythm - produces melatonin (head)
159
Thyroid gland
regulates metabolism, growth and development and activity of the nervous system (neck)
160
Parathyroid gland
regulates metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the bones (neck)
161
Adrenal glands
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, postpone muscle fatigue, increase storage of sugar, control kidney, metabolism of salt and water (top of kidneys)
162
Gonads
ovaries and testes - reproduction and sex characteristics
163
Islets of Langerhans
pancreas, insulin, allow sugar to enter cells and produce glucagon (pancreas)
164
Pituitary gland
base of the brain, MASTER gland (head)
165
Thymus gland
development and maturation of the immune system (neck)
166
What are the effects of Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1 and Beta 2?
Alpha 1 - cause vessels to constrict - blood shunted to core - skin cool and clammy or release sweat
Alpha2 - regulate the release of Alpha1
Beta 1- relate to heart, increase heart rate, cardiac contraction,
Beta 2 - smooth muscles to dilate (exp bronchioles)
167
What are the functions of the Integumentary System?
Skin - protect body from environment, regulate body temp, receptor for heat, cold, touch, pain and pressure, aiding in regulation of water and electrolytes (sodium and chloride)
168
Epidermis
outermost layer of skin, 4 layers - outer 2 dying and dead cells - pigmentation is in the deepest layer
169
Dermis
second layer of skin, thicker than epidermis, blood vessels, sweat glands, oil glands, follicles, and sensory nerves
gives skin elasticity and strength
170
Subcutaneous
inner most layer of fatty tissue
171
What are the organs of the digestive system?
stomach, pancreas, liver (largest), spleen, gallbladder, intestines
172
What are the 2 processes of the digestive system?
Mechanical (chewing, swallowing and movement through the body)
Chemical (enzymes and juices break food down and absorption)
173
What is the function of the Urinary System (Renal System)?
filter and excrete waste from blood and body, maintain balance of water and chemicals, acid/base balance (kidneys)
174
What are the organs of the Urinary System?
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
