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Biology - GCSE > Chapter 11 - Hormones > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Hormones Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

what are endocrine glands

A

The places in the body where hormones are made and secreted

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2
Q

Where do hormones travel

A

the blood

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3
Q

What are target organs

A

the organs that the specific hormone targets

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4
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

all of the endocrine glands

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5
Q

What is produced in the thyroid

A

thyroxine

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6
Q

what is thyroxine

A

regulates the heart rate, rate of metabolism ad temperature

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7
Q

What is produced in the adrenal gland

A

adrenaline

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8
Q

what is adrenaline

A

prepares the body for a fight or flight scenario

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9
Q

What is produced in the pancreas

A

insulin

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10
Q

what is insulin

A

it controls the body’s blood glucose levels

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11
Q

What is produced in the testes

A

testosterone

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12
Q

what is testosterone

A

it controls puberty and stimulates sperm production

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13
Q

What is produced in the ovaries

A

oestrogen

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14
Q

what is oestrogen

A

causes the lining of the uterus to grow, it also stimulates the release of LH and inhibits the release of FSH

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15
Q

what are the endocrine glands

A

Thyroid, pituitary gland, Testes, Ovaries, pancreas, adrenal gland

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16
Q

What are the differences between hormones and nerves

A
  • nerves have faster actions than hormones
  • nerves act for a short time and hormones act longer
  • nerves act in a precise area unlike hormones who act in a general way
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17
Q

what happens to excess glucose

A

it is stored as glycogen

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18
Q

where is glycogen held

A

in the muscles and the liver

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19
Q

how does insulin work

A

it reduces the glucose concentration in the blood by directing some glucose into the liver and converting glucose into glycogen

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20
Q

what happens if the blood glucose levels are too low

A

glucagon is secreted

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21
Q

what happens if the blood glucose levels are too high

A

insulin is secreted

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22
Q

how does glucagon work

A

it increases the glucose concentration in the blood by turning the glycogen in the liver in glucose and allowing the glucose to flow in the blood stream

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23
Q

where is glucagon produced

A

pancreas

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24
Q

what can a person with diabetes not do

A

control their blood sugar levels

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25
what is type 1 diabetes
where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin so they cannot control the amount of glucose in the blood
26
what is insulin therapy
where a person receives several injections a day of insulin to make sure that glucose is removed from the blood before food is digested
27
What is type 2 diabetes
where a person becomes resistant to their own insulin
28
What can increase a persons chances of gaining type 2 diabetes
being overweight
29
What is the role of the kidneys
they make urine by taking all waste out of the body, substances are filtered out of the blood through the kidneys where useful products such as glucose and ions are selectively re-absorbed back into the blood
30
what is selective re-absorption
the act of the kidney absorbing useful substances like glucose and ions after they had previously been filtered in the kidney
31
what is deamination
the removal of the nitrogen-containing part of amino acids to form urea, followed by the release of energy from the remainder of the amino acid
32
name a waste product of deamination
Ammonia
33
What happens to ammonia in the liver
it is toxic so is turned into urea
34
what is urea
A nitrogenous waste product resulting from the breakdown of proteins, excreted in urine
35
What happens to ions in the kidney's
they are filtered and then the right amount of them are selectively reabsorbed into the blood, the excess ions are left in the urine
36
What 3 ways is water lost
breathing, sweating and urinating
37
Where is ADH produced
pituitary gland
38
which hormone controls the concentration of urine
ADH
39
what is ADH
a hormone that controls the concentration of urine
40
what are 2 ways of treating kidney failure
kidney dialysis and kidney transplants
41
What is kidney failure
when the kidney's do not work properly so waste substances build up and the levels of ions and water can no longer be controlled leading to death
42
What are the pro's of kidney dialysis
- good alternative to transplant | - keeps you alive while waiting for donor
43
What are the cons of kidney dialysis
- spend hours doing nothing on machine - regular visits - possible blood clot and infection - expensive for NHS
44
What are the pro's of kidney transplant
- stop kidney failure - stops dialysis so no boring hours on machine - cheaper than dialysis
45
What are the cons of kidney transplant
- hard to find donor | - long waiting list
46
What happens in puberty
sex hormones start being released and trigger off secondary sexual characteristics (breasts, facial hair)
47
what is the main reproductive hormone in men
testosterone
48
what is the main reproductive hormone in women
oestrogen
49
What happens in stage 1 of the menstrual cycle
the lining of the uterus breaks down for 4 days
50
what happens in stage 2 of the menstrual cycle
the uterus builds up again
51
what happens in stage 3 of the menstrual cycle
an egg develops and is released from the ovary at day 14
52
what is ovulation
when an egg develops and is released from the ovary
53
what happens in stage 4 of the menstrual cycle
the uterus wall is maintained until day 28, if no fertilised egg has landed on the wall then the wall begins to break and the cycle restarts
54
How many hormones control the menstrual cycle
4
55
what are the 4 hormones that control the menstrual cycle
LH, FSH, Oestrogen and Progesterone
56
Where is FSH produced
pituitary gland
57
what is the role of FSH
causes the egg to mature, stimulates the ovaries to produce Oestrogen
58
where is LH produced
pituitary gland
59
what is the role of LH
stimulates the release of an egg at day 14 (ovulation)
60
where is progesterone produced
ovaries
61
what is the role of progesterone
maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle. Also, when the levels of progesterone fall, the lining breaks down. It also inhibits the release of LH and FSH
62
What is the combined oral contraceptive pill made out of
oestrogen and progesterone
63
what is the difference between the combined oral contraceptive pill and the progesterone only pill
the progesterone pill is equally as effective and has less side-effects
64
What is abstinence
no having intercourse
65
what is sterilisation
cutting the fallopian tube in females or the sperm duct in men, permanent procedure
66
What is IVF
when doctors collect eggs from the woman's ovaries and fertilise them in a ab using the man's sperm
67
how does adrenaline work
It increases the glucose and oxygen supply in the cells in the brain and the muscles to allow for a flight or fight situation, also increases heart rate
68
What is auxin
a plant hormone that control growth near the tip of the shoot and root
69
What is gibberellin
stimulates seed germination, stem growth and flowering
70
Where is ethene produced in a plant
in the aging areas of the plant
71
How is ethene used in a plant
stimulates enzymes that cause fruit to ripen

Biology - GCSE (20 decks)

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