Chapter 4 - Organisation Flashcards by Rajan Gill

what is the pump in the human body

heart

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what are the roles of valves

to allow the blood to flow in one direction and avoid leaks or misdirection of wrong way

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what is a tissue

a group of cells with similar structure and function

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what is an organs

a group tissues performing a specific function

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what is an organ system

a group of organs that perform a specific function

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What is the pacemaker

a group of cells in the right atrium that controls resting heart rate

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what is the right ventricles role

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange

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what is the left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood to the body, Thick and muscular wall

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What is the alveoli

small sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs which is surrounded by capillaries, oxygen moves form the alveoli to the capillaries and carbon dioxide moves the opposite way

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What is the trachea and bronchioles

tubes through which gases move, lined with cartilage so that they don’t collapse

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What is coronary heart disease

build up of fatty materials in coronary arteries, can lead to blood clots and a heart attack

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What is a stent

A wire mesh that opens up blocked arteries

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what are the advantages of a stent

keeps artery open, low-risk surgery

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what are the disadvantages

fatty materials can rebuild

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what is a statin

drug that reduces cholesterol

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what are the advantages of a statin

reduces fat being deposited in arteries

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what are the disadvantages of statins

side effects include liver damage

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What is a heart transplant

replacement heart form donner

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what are the advantages of heart transplantation

good for long term

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what are the disadvantages of heart transplantation

major surgery, possible rejection

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what is an artificial heart

man made heart used while waiting for heart transplant

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what are the advantages of an artificial heart

no rejection, keeps patient alive

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what are the disadvantages of an artificial heart

limited activity, short life-time, battery powered

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what is a mechanical heart valve

mechanical replacement of faulty heart valve

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what is the advantages of a mechanical heart valve

can last a life time

what are the disadvantages of a mechanical heart valve

can damage red blood cells

what is a biological heart valve

biological replacement of faulty heart valve

what are the advantages of a biological heart valve

don't damage red blood cells

what are the disadvantages of a biological heart valve

valve hardens and may need replacing

What is the role of the artery

takes oxygenated blood away from the heart, carries blood under pressure

how are arteries adapted to their role

thick walls to withstand high pressure

what is the purpose of the veins

carry blood under low pressure, carry deoxygenated blood

how are veins adapted to their role

thin walls. valves to prevent the back flow of blood

What is the purpose of the capillary

exchange of substances between blood and cells

how are capillaries adapted to their role

wall is 1 cell thick to allow quick diffusion of substances

What is the plasma

liquid part of blood, transports blood cells as well as carbon dioxide, proteins, glucose, hormones and urea

what are red blood cells

carries oxygen, packed with haemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen, no nucleus so more place for haemoglobin,

what is haemoglobin

protein that binds to oxygen

red blood cells have biconcave shape to allow what

a larger surface area

what are white blood cells

destroy pathogens, some can produces antibodies

what are platelets

cell fragments that help to clot wounds

What is transpiration

the loss of water vapour from the leaves by evaporation from cells and then out through the stomata

what is the transpiration stream

the movement of water from the roots, up the stems to the leaves

what is translocation

the movement of dissolved sugars around the plant

How does temperature affect transpiration

increase in temperature increases transpiration rate as water evaporates quicker

how does humidity affect transpiration

increasing humidity decreases the rate of transpiration as water evaporates slower

how does wind speed affect transpiration

increasing wind speed increases the rate of transpiration as water evaporates quicker

how does light affect transpiration

increasing light increase the rate of transpiration as stomata opens

How is the extension on a root hair cell adapted to it function

gives a large surface area to absorb water and minerals

How are the vessels in the xylem adapted to its role

they strengthened with lignin to withstand pressure

how are the cell walls in xylem adapted to their role

water proof

how are the pores at the each of every phloem cell useful adapted to their roles

allow dissolved sugars to move between cells

What is the epidermis

they cover the surface of the leaf to let light go through it

what is the xylem

carries water and minerals from the roots around the plant

what is the phloem

carries dissolved sugars made through photosynthesis around the plants

what is the palisade mesophyll

where most photosynthesis takes place, cells contain many chloroplasts, absorbs light

what is the spongey mesophyll

some photosynthesis, has air spaces for diffusion of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen

What are the guard cells

cells that open and close the stomata

What is stomata

opening that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse in and out of the leaf

What direction does blood travel in the heart

Vena Cava - Right Atrium - Right Ventricle - Pulmonary Artery - Pulmonary Vein - Left Atrium - Left Ventricle - Aorta

What protects the lungs

ribs

What are the air sacs at the end of the bronchioles called

alveoli

What is the role of the trachea

rings of cartilage that protect the airways

what is the role of the bronchi

splits into multiple pathways to reach all the air sacs

what is the role of alveoli

maximises surface area for efficient gas exchange

what is the role of the right ventricle

pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

what is the role of the left ventricle

pumps blood around the body

what is the role of the coronary artery

they carry oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscles

how big is villi walls

one cell thick

a network of capillaries are in the villi, but what do they carry away from what

glucose and amino acids away from the small intestines in the blood

what are villi

Finger-like projections in the small intestine that provide a large surface area for the absorption of food.