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PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology > Chapter 11 - Learning, Memory, and Amnesia > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Learning, Memory, and Amnesia Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

The brain’s ability to change in response to experience

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2
Q

Memory

A

The brain’s ability to store and access the learned effects of experiences

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3
Q

Amnesia

A

Any pathological loss of memory

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4
Q

Bilateral medial temporal lobectomy

A

The removal of the medial portions of both temporal lobes, including the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the adjacent cortex

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5
Q

Hippocampus

A

A structure of the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in various forms of memory

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6
Q

Amygdala

A

A structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus; plays a role in emotion

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7
Q

Lobectomy

A

An operation in which a lobe, or a major part of one, is removed from the brain

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8
Q

Lobotomy

A

An operation in which a lobe, or a major part of one, is separated from the rest of the brain by a large cut but is not removed

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9
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory for events or information learned before the amnesia-inducing brain injury

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10
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory for events occurring after the amnesia-inducing brain injury

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11
Q

Short-term memory

A

Storage of information for brief periods of time while a person attends to it

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12
Q

Long-term memory

A

Memory for experiences that endures after the experiences are no longer the focus of attention

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13
Q

Digit span

A

The longest sequence of random digits that can be repeated correctly 50 percent of the time—most people have a digit span of 7

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14
Q

Global amnesia

A

Amnesia for information presented in all sensory modalities

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15
Q

Incomplete-pictures test

A

A test of memory measuring the improved ability to identify fragmented figures that have been previously observed

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16
Q

Remote memory

A

Memory for experiences in the distant past

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17
Q

Memory consolidation

A

The transfer of short-term memories to long-term storage

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18
Q

Explicit memories

A

Conscious memories

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19
Q

Implicit memories

A

Memories that are expressed by improved performance without conscious recall or recognition

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20
Q

Medial temporal lobe amnesia

A

Amnesia associated with bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobes; its major features are anterograde and retrograde amnesia for explicit memories, with preserved intellectual functioning

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21
Q

Repetition priming tests

A

Tests of implicit memory; in one example, a list of words is presented, then fragments of the original words are presented and the subject is asked to complete them

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22
Q

Semantic memories

A

Explicit memories for general facts or knowledge

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23
Q

Episodic memories

A

Explicit memories for the particular events and experiences of one’s life

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24
Q

Global cerebral ischemia

A

An interruption of blood supply to the entire brain

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25
Pyramidal cell layer
One of the major layers of cell bodies in the hippocampus
26
CA1 subfield
A region of the hippocampus that is commonly damaged by cerebral ischemia
27
Transient global amnesia
A sudden onset severe anterograde amnesia and moderate retrograde amnesia for explicit episodic memory that is transient—typically lasting only between 4 to 6 hours
28
Korsakoff's syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder that is common in alcoholics and whose primary symptoms include memory loss, sensory and motor dysfunction, and, in its advanced stages, severe dementia
29
Mediodorsal nuclei
A pair of thalamic nuclei, damage to which is thought to be responsible for many of the memory deficits associated with Korsakoff’s syndrome
30
Medial diencephalic amnesia
Amnesia that is associated with damage to the medial diencephalon (e.g., Korsakoff’s amnesia)
31
Alzheimer's disease
The most common form of dementia in the elderly. Its three defining characteristics are neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, and neuron loss.
32
Basal forebrain
A midline area of the forebrain, which is located just in front of and above the hypothalamus and is the brain’s main source of acetylcholine
33
Posttraumatic amnesia (PTA)
Amnesia produced by a nonpenetrating head injury (a blow to the head that does not penetrate the skull)
34
Electroconvulsive shcok (ECS)
An intense, brief, diffuse, seizure-inducing current administered to the brain via large electrodes attached to the scalp
35
Standard consolidation theory
The theory that memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred to a more stable cortical storage system. Also known as dual-trace theory
36
Dual-trace theory
The theory that memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred to a more stable cortical storage system. Also known as the standard consolidation theory.
37
Engram
A change in the brain that stores a memory
38
Reconsolidation
The hypothesis that each time a memory is retrieved from long-term storage, it is temporarily held in labile (changeable or unstable) short-term memory, where it is once again susceptible to posttraumatic amnesia until it is reconsolidated pg.298
39
Delayed nonmatching-to-sample test
A test in which the subject is presented with an unfamiliar sample object and then, after a delay, is presented with a choice between the sample object and an unfamiliar object, where the correct choice is the unfamiliar object
40
Medial temporal cortex
Cortex in the medial temporal lobe that lies adjacent to the hippocampus and amygdala
41
Mumby box
An apparatus that is used in the rat version of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test
42
Morris water maze taste
A pool of milky water that has a goal platform invisible just beneath its surface and is used to study the ability of rats to learn spatial locations
43
Radial arm maze test
A widely used test of rats’ spatial ability in which the same arms are baited on each trial, and the rats must learn to visit only the baited arms once per trial
44
Reference memory
Memory for the general principles and skills that are required to perform a task
45
Working memory
Temporary memory that is necessary for the successful performance of a task on which one is currently working
46
Place cells
Neurons that respond only when the subject is in specific locations (i.e., in the place fields of the neurons)
47
Entorhinal cortex
An area of the medial temporal cortex that is a major source of neural signals to the hippocampus
48
Grid cells
Entorhinal neurons that each have an extensive array of evenly spaced place fields, producing a pattern reminiscent of graph paper
49
Concept cells
Cells, such as those found in the medial temporal lobe, that respond to ideas or concepts rather than to particulars. Also known as Jennifer Aniston neurons.
50
Engram cells
Neurons that maintain an engram
51
Inferotemporal cortex
The cortex of the inferior temporal lobe. An area of the secondary visual cortex is located here. It is crucial for visual object recognition and is considered to be the final stage in the ventral cortical visual system.
52
Prefrontal cortex
The areas of the frontal cortex that are anterior to the frontal motor areas
53
Cerebellum
A metencephalic structure that is thought to participate in the storage of memories of learned sensorimotor skills
54
Striatum
A structure of the basal ganglia that is the terminal of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway
55
Long-term potentiaion (LTP)
The enduring facilitation of synaptic transmission that occurs following activation of synapses by high-intensity, high-frequency stimulation of presynaptic neurons
56
NMDA receptors
Glutamate receptors that play key roles in the development of stroke-induced brain damage and long-term potentiation at glutaminergic synapses
57
Glutamate
The most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
58
Dendritic spines
Tiny protrusions of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of many dendrites
59
Transcription factors
Intracellular proteins that bind to DNA and influence the operation of particular genes
60
Long-term depression (LTD)
A long-lasting decrease in synaptic efficacy (the flip side of LTP) that occurs in response to prolonged low-frequency stimulation of presynaptic neurons
61
Metaplasticity
The modulation of long-term potentiation (LTP) and/or long-term depression (LTD) induction by prior synaptic activity
62
Infantile amnesia
The normal inability to recall events from early childhood
63
Nootropics (smart drugs)
Drugs that purportedly improve memory

PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology (18 decks)

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