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PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology > Chapter 13 - Hormones and Sex > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Hormones and Sex Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that release chemicals into ducts that carry them to targets, mostly on the surface of the body

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2
Q

Endrocine glands

A

Ductless glands that release chemicals called hormones directly into the circulatory system

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3
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals released by the endocrine system directly into the circulatory system

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4
Q

Gonads

A

The testes and the ovaries

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5
Q

Testes

A

The male gonads

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6
Q

Ovaries

A

The female gonads

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7
Q

Copulation

A

Sexual intercourse

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8
Q

Zygote

A

The cell formed from the amalgamation of a sperm cell and an ovum

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9
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

The pair of chromosomes that determine an individual’s genetic sex: XX for a female and XY for a male

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10
Q

Amino acid derivative hormones

A

Hormones that are synthesized in a few simple steps from an amino acid molecule

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11
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Hormones that are short chains of amino acids

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12
Q

Protein hormones

A

Hormones that are long chains of amino acids

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13
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol

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14
Q

Androgens

A

The class of steroid hormones that includes testosterone

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15
Q

Estrogens

A

The class of steroid hormones that are released in large amounts by the ovaries; an example is estradiol

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16
Q

Testosterone

A

The most common androgen

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17
Q

Estradiol

A

The most common estrogen

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18
Q

Progestins

A

The class of steroid hormones that includes progesterone

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19
Q

Progesterone

A

A progestin that prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy

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20
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

The outer layer of each adrenal gland, which releases glucocorticoids in response to stressors, as well as small amounts of steroid hormones

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21
Q

Gonadotropin

A

The pituitary tropic hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the gonads

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22
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

The part of the pituitary gland that contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons

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23
Q

Pituitary stalk

A

The structure connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

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24
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

The part of the pituitary gland that releases tropic hormones

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25
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

The hormone-regulated cycle in females of follicle growth, egg release, buildup of the uterus lining, and menstruation

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26
Q

Vasopressin

A

One of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary; it facilitates reabsorption of water by kidneys and is thus also called antidiuretic hormone.

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27
Q

Oxytocin

A

One of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary, which in females stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor and the ejection of milk during suckling

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28
Q

Paraventricular nuclei

A

Hypothalamic nuclei that play a role in eating and synthesizing hormones released by the posterior pituitary

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29
Q

Supraoptic nuclei

A

Hypothalamic nuclei in which the hormones of the posterior pituitary are synthesized

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30
Q

Hypothalamopituitary portal system

A

The vascular network that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

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31
Q

Releasing hormones

A

Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

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32
Q

Release-inhibiting hormone

A

Hypothalamic hormones that inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

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33
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

A

The hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release of thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary

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34
Q

Thyrotropin

A

The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid gland

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35
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

The hypothalamic releasing hormone that controls the release of the two gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary

36
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

The gonadotropic hormone that stimulates the development of ovarian follicles

37
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

The gonadotropic hormone that causes the developing ovum to be released from its follicle

38
Q

Pulsatile hormone release

A

The typical pattern of hormone release: Hormones are discharged several times per day in large surges

39
Q

Sry gene

A

A gene on the Y chromosome that triggers the production of Sry protein

40
Q

Sry protein

A

A protein that causes the medulla of each primordial gonad to grow and develop into a testis

41
Q

Intersexed person

A

A term used to refer to a person who is born with sexual anatomy that does not clearly fit into typical definitions of male and female sexual anatomy

42
Q

Wolffian system

A

The embryonic precursor of the male reproductive ducts

43
Q

Müllerian system

A

The embryonic precursor of the female reproductive ducts

44
Q

Müllerian-inhibiting substance

A

The testicular hormone that causes the precursor of the female reproductive ducts (the Müllerian system) to degenerate and the testes to descend

45
Q

Scrotum

A

The sac that holds the male testes outside the body cavity

46
Q

Ovariectomy

A

The removal of the ovaries

47
Q

Orchidectomy

A

The removal of the testes

48
Q

Gonadectomy

A

The surgical removal of the gonads; castration

49
Q

Genitals

A

The external reproductive organs

50
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Body features, other than the reproductive organs, that distinguish males from female

51
Q

Growth hormone

A

The anterior pituitary hormone that acts directly on bone and muscle tissue to produce the pubertal growth spurt

52
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

An anterior pituitary hormone that triggers the release of adrenal hormones from the adrenal cortices

53
Q

Androstenedione

A

The adrenal androgen that is responsible for the growth of pubic hair and axillary hair in human females

54
Q

Aromatase

A

An enzyme that promotes the conversion of testosterone to estradiol

55
Q

Aromatization

A

The chemical process by which testosterone is converted to estradiol

56
Q

Aromatization hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that the brain is masculinized by estradiol that is produced from perinatal testosterone through a process called aromatization

57
Q

Alpha fetoprotein

A

A protein that is present in the blood of many mammals during the perinatal period and that deactivates circulating estradiol by binding to it

58
Q

Masculinizes

A

Enhances or produces male characteristics

59
Q

Defeminizes

A

Suppresses or disrupts female characteristics

60
Q

Lordosis

A

The arched-back, rump-up, tail-to-the-side posture of female rodent sexual receptivity

61
Q

Feminizes

A

Enhances or produces female characteristics

62
Q

Demasculinizes

A

Suppresses or disrupts male characteristics

63
Q

Intromission

A

Insertion of the penis into the vagina

64
Q

Ejaculation

A

To eject sperm from the penis

65
Q

Proceptive behaviors

A

Behaviors that solicit the sexual advances of members of the other sex

66
Q

Sexual dimorphisms

A

nIstances where a behavior (or structure) comes in two distinct classes (male or female) into which most individuals can be unambiguously assigned

67
Q

(Complete) androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Results from a mutation to the androgen receptor gene that renders the androgen receptors unresponsive and leads to the development of a female body

68
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome

A

Caused by congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which results in the excessive release of adrenal androgens which have masculinizing effects in females

69
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

A congenital deficiency in the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, which leads to the excessive release of adrenal androgens

70
Q

Ablatio penis

A

Accidental destruction of the penis via surgery

71
Q

Replacement injections

A

Injections of a hormone whose natural release has been curtailed by the removal of the gland that normally releases it

72
Q

Impotent

A

Unable to achieve a penile erection

73
Q

Estrus

A

The portion of the estrous cycle characterized by proceptivity, sexual receptivity, and fertility (estrus is a noun and estrous an adjective)

74
Q

Estrous cycle

A

The cycle of sexual receptivity displayed by many female mammals

75
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Steroid drugs that are similar to testosterone and have powerful anabolic (growth-promoting) effects

76
Q

Medial preoptic area

A

The area of the hypothalamus that includes the sexually dimorphic nuclei and that plays a key role in the control of male sexual behavior

77
Q

Sexually dimorphic nucleus

A

The nucleus in the medial preoptic area of rats that is larger in males than in females

78
Q

Ventromedial nucleus (VMN)

A

A hypothalamic nucleus that is thought to be involved in female sexual behavior

79
Q

Heterosexual

A

Sexually attracted to members of the other sex.

80
Q

Gay

A

Sexually attracted to members of the same sex.

81
Q

Lesbian

A

Women who are attracted to women

82
Q

Asexual

A

Not sexually attracted to others

83
Q

Gender identity

A

The gender that a person most identifies with: female, male, some combination of male and female, neither female or male, or some other gender category

84
Q

Transgender

A

An individual who identifies as a man, a woman, or some intersection thereof

85
Q

Fraternal birth order effect

A

The finding that the probability of a male being attracted to other males increases as a function of the number of older brothers he has

86
Q

Maternal immune hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that mothers become progressively more immune to some masculinizing hormone in their male fetuses; proposed to explain the fraternal birth order effect

PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology (18 decks)

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