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PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology > Chapter 12 - Hunger, Eating, and Health > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Hunger, Eating, and Health Flashcards

1
Q

Set point

A

The value of a physiological parameter that is maintained constantly by physiological or behavioral mechanisms; for example, the body’s energy resources are often assumed to be maintained at a constant optimal level by compensatory changes in hunger

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2
Q

Digestion

A

The process by which food is broken down and absorbed through the lining of the gastrointestinal tract

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3
Q

Gut microbiome

A

The bacteria and other organisms that live inside our gastrointestinal tract

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4
Q

Lipids

A

Fats

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5
Q

Amino acids

A

The building blocks of proteins

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6
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar that is the breakdown product of complex carbohydrates; it is the body’s primary, directly utilizable source of
energy

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7
Q

Cephalic phase

A

The metabolic phase during which the body prepares for food that is about to be absorbed

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8
Q

Absorptive phase

A

The metabolic phase during which the body is operating on the energy from a recently consumed meal and is storing the excess as body fat, glycogen, and proteins

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9
Q

Fasting phase

A

The metabolic phase that begins when energy from the preceding meal is no longer sufficient to meet the immediate needs of the body and during which energy is extracted from fat and glycogen stores

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10
Q

Insulin

A

A pancreatic hormone that facilitates the entry of glucose into cells and the conversion of bloodborne fuels to forms that can be stored

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11
Q

Glucagon

A

A pancreatic hormone that promotes the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, their conversion to ketones, and the use of both as sources of energy

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12
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The process by which protein is converted to glucose

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13
Q

Free fatty acids

A

The main source of the body’s energy during the fasting phase; released from adipose tissue in response to high levels of glucagon

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14
Q

Ketones

A

Breakdown products of free fatty acids that are used by muscles as a source of energy during the fasting phase

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15
Q

Set-point assumption

A

The assumption that hunger is typically triggered by a decline in the body’s energy reserves below their set point

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16
Q

Negative feedback systems

A

Systems in which feedback from changes in one direction elicit compensatory effects in the opposite direction

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17
Q

Homeostasis

A

A stable internal environment

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18
Q

Glucostatic theory

A

The theory that eating is controlled by deviations from a hypothetical blood glucose set point

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19
Q

Lipostatic theory

A

The theory that eating is controlled by deviations from a hypothetical body-fat set point

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20
Q

Positive-incentive theory

A

Theories holding that the primary factor in most cases of addiction is the craving for the positive-incentive (expected pleasure-producing) properties of the drug

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21
Q

Positive-incentive value

A

The anticipated pleasure associated with a particular action, such as taking a drug

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22
Q

Satiety

A

The motivational state that terminates a meal when there is food remaining

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23
Q

Nutritive density

A

Calories per unit volume of a food

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24
Q

Sham eating

A

The experimental protocol in which an animal chews and swallows food, after which the food immediately exits its body through a tube implanted in its esophagus

25
Q

Appetizer effect

A

The increase in hunger that is produced by the consumption of small amounts of food

26
Q

Cafeteria diet

A

A diet offered to experimental animals that is composed of a wide variety of palatable food

27
Q

Sensory-specific satiety

A

The fact that the consumption of a particular food produces greater satiety for foods of the same taste than for other food

28
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

The area of the hypothalamus that was once thought to be a satiety center

29
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

The area of the hypothalamus once thought to be the feeding center

30
Q

Hyperphagia

A

Excessive eating

31
Q

Dynamic phase

A

The first phase of the VMH syndrome, characterized by grossly excessive eating and rapid weight gain

32
Q

Static phase

A

The second phase of the VMH syndrome, during which the obese animal maintains a stable level of obesity

33
Q

Aphagia

A

Complete cessation of eating

34
Q

Adipsia

A

Complete cessation of drinking

35
Q

Lipogenesis

A

The production of body fat

36
Q

Lipolysis

A

The breakdown of body fat

37
Q

Paraventricular nuclei

A

Hypothalamic nuclei that play a role in eating and synthesizing hormones released by the posterior pituitary

38
Q

Arcuate nucleus

A

A nucleus of the hypothalamus that contains high concentrations of both leptin receptors and insulin receptors

39
Q

Duodenum

A

The upper portion of the intestine through which most of the glucose and amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream

40
Q

Cholecystokinin (CKK)

A

A peptide that is released by the gastrointestinal tract and is thought to function as a satiety signal

41
Q

Prader-Willi syndrome

A

A neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by insatiable appetite and exceptionally slow metabolism

42
Q

Diet-induced thermogenesis

A

The homeostasis-defending increases in body temperature that are associated with increases in body fat

43
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

The rate at which energy is utilized to maintain bodily processes when resting

44
Q

Settling point

A

The point at which various factors that influence the level of some regulated function (such as body weight) achieve an equilibrium

45
Q

Leaky-barrel model

A

An analogy for the settling-point model of body-gat regulation

46
Q

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

A

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis, which is generated by activities such as fidgeting and the maintenance of posture and muscle tone

47
Q

Gut microbiome

A

The bacteria and other organisms that live inside our gastrointestinal tract

48
Q

Leptin

A

A protein normally synthesized in fat cells; it is thought to act as a negative feedback signal normally released by fat stores to decrease appetite and increase fat metabolism

49
Q

Ob/ob mice

A

Mice that are homozygous for the mutant ob gene; their body fat produces no leptin, and they become very obese

50
Q

Subcutaneous fat

A

Fat stored under the skin

51
Q

Visceral fat

A

Fat stored around the internal organs of the body cavity

52
Q

Neuropeptide Y

A

A gut hunger peptide

53
Q

Melanocortins

A

A class of peptides that includes the gut satiety peptide α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone

54
Q

Melanocortin system

A

Neurons in the arcuate nucleus that release melanocortins

55
Q

Gastric bypass

A

A surgical procedure for treating obesity in which the intestine is cut and connected to the upper portion of the stomach, which is isolated from the rest of the stomach by a row of staples

56
Q

Adjustable gastric band procedure

A

A surgical procedure for treating obesity in which an adjustable band is implanted around the stomach to reduce the flow of food

57
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

An eating disorder of underconsumption that results in health-threatening weight loss

58
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

An eating disorder characterized by periods of not eating interrupted by bingeing followed by purging

PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology (18 decks)

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