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PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology > Chapter 18 - Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Psychiatric disorders

A

A disorder of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist

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2
Q

DSM-5

A

The fifth and current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; produced by the American Psychiatric Association

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3
Q

Reserpine

A

The first monoamine antagonist to be used in the treatment of schizophrenia; the active ingredient of the snakeroot plant

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4
Q

Haloperidol

A

A butyrophenone used as an antipsychotic drug

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5
Q

Phenothiazines

A

A class of antipsychotic drugs that bind effectively to both D1 and D2 receptors

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6
Q

Butyrophenones

A

A class of antipsychotic drugs that bind primarily to D2 receptors

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7
Q

Typical antipsychotics

A

The first generation of antipsychotic drugs

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8
Q

Atypical antipsychotics

A

Drugs that are effective against schizophrenia but yet do not bind strongly to D2 receptors. Also known as second-generation antipsychotics.

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9
Q

Clozapine

A

An atypical antipsychotic that is used to treat schizophrenia, does not produce Parkinsonian side effects, and has only a slight affinity for D2 receptors

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10
Q

Psychedelic drugs

A

Drugs whose primary action is to alter perception, emotion, and cognition

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11
Q

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

A

Hallucinogenic drug that alters perception, emotion, and cognition

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12
Q

Anhedonia

A

A general inability to experience pleasure

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13
Q

Clinical depression (major depressive disorder)

A

Depression that is so severe that it is difficult for the patient to meet the essential requirements of daily life

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14
Q

Reactive depression

A

Depression that is triggered by a negative experience

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15
Q

Endogenous depression

A

Depression that occurs with no apparent cause

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16
Q

Comorbid

A

The tendency for two or more health conditions to occur together in the same individual

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17
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

Type of major depressive disorder in which episodes of depression typically recur during particular seasons—usually during the winter months

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18
Q

Peripartum depression

A

The intense, sustained depression experienced by some females during pregnancy, after they give birth, or both

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19
Q

Iproniazid

A

The first antidepressant drug; a monoamine oxidase inhibitor

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20
Q

MAO inhibitors

A

Antidepressant drugs that increase the level of monoamine neurotransmitters by inhibiting the action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase

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21
Q

Cheese effect

A

The surges in blood pressure that occur when individuals taking MAO inhibitors consume tyramine-rich foods, such as cheese

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22
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants

A

Drugs with an antidepressant action and a three-ring molecular structure

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23
Q

Imipramine

A

The first tricyclic antidepressant drug

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24
Q

Positive symptoms

A

Symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to represent an excess of typical function

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25
Q

Negative symptoms

A

Symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to represent a reduction or loss of typical function

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26
Q

Selective-serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

Class of drugs that exert agonistic effects by blocking the reuptake of serotonin from synapses; typically used to treat depression

27
Q

Fluoxetine

A

The first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) to be developed. It was initially marketed under the tradename Prozac.

28
Q

Selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

A

Any of a class of drugs (e.g. reboxetine) that inhibit the inactivation of serotonin and norepinephrine by blocking their reuptake by presynaptic nerve cell endings

(via Merriam-Webster)

29
Q

Atypical antidepressants

A

A catch-all class for antidepressant drugs that do not fit into the other categories of antidepressants (e.g., monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants). Each of the drugs in this class has its own unique mechanism of action.

30
Q

Ketamine

A

A drug that is a type of dissociative hallucinogen

31
Q

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

A form of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) that involves the delivery of repetitive magnetic pulses at either high frequencies (e.g., five pulses per second; high-frequency rTMS) or low frequencies (e.g., less than one pulse per second; low frequency rTMS) to specific cortical areas.

32
Q

Up-regulation

A

An increase in the number of receptors for a neurotransmitter in response to decreased release of that neurotransmitter

33
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

A category of psychiatric disorders that involves alternate bouts of depression and mania or hypomania

34
Q

Hypomania

A

A state that is characterized by a reduced need for sleep, high energy, and positive affect. During periods of hypomania, people are talkative, energetic, impulsive, positive, and very confident.

35
Q

Mania

A

A state that has the same features as hypomania but taken to an extreme; it also has additional symptoms, such as delusions of grandeur, overconfidence, and distractibility. Mania usually involves psychosis.

36
Q

Bipolar disorder type II

A

A psychiatric disorder that involves alternate bouts of depression and hypomania

37
Q

Bipolar disorder type I

A

A psychiatric disorder that involves alternate bouts of depression and mania

38
Q

Mixed state

A

A state that can occur in bipolar disorder type I, where the patient simultaneously displays symptoms of both depression and mania

39
Q

Mood stabilizers

A

Drugs that effectively treat depression or mania without increasing the risk of mania or depression, respectively

40
Q

Lithium

A

A metallic ion that is a mood stabilizer; used in the treatment of bipolar disorder

41
Q

Euthymic

A

Individuals who are not currently displaying symptoms of depression, hypomania, or mania

42
Q

Anxiety

A

Chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat

43
Q

Antipsychotic drug

A

A drug that is meant to treat certain symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

44
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

The first antipsychotic drug

45
Q

Psychosis

A

A loss of touch with reality

46
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

A psychiatric disorder that involves anxiety that is so extreme and so pervasive that it disrupts normal functioning

47
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by stress responses and extreme feelings of anxiety and worry about a large number of different activities or events

48
Q

Specific phobia

A

An anxiety disorder that involves strong fear or anxiety about particular objects (e.g., birds, spiders) or situations (e.g., enclosed spaces, darkness)

49
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Pathological fear of public places and open spaces

50
Q

Panic disorder

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent rapid-onset attacks of extreme fear and severe symptoms of stress (choking, heart palpitations, and shortness of breath)

51
Q

Panic attacks

A

Rapid-onset attacks of extreme fear and severe symptoms of stress (e.g., choking, heart palpitations, shortness of breath)

52
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

A class of GABA_A agonists with anxiolytic, sedative, and anticonvulsant properties; drugs such as chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium)

53
Q

Anxiolytic drugs

A

Drugs that have antianxiety effects

54
Q

Elevated-plus-maze test

A

An animal model of anxiety; anxious rats tend to stay in the enclosed arms of the maze rather than venturing onto the open arms

55
Q

Defensive-burying test

A

An animal model of anxiety; anxious rats will bury objects that generate anxiety

56
Q

Risk-assessment test

A

An animal model of anxiety. After a single brief exposure to a cat on the surface of a laboratory burrow system, rats flee to their burrows and freeze. Then they engage in a variety of risk-assessment behaviors.

57
Q

Tourette’s disorder

A

A disorder of tics (involuntary, repetitive, stereotyped movements or vocalizations)

58
Q

Tics

A

Involuntary, repetitive, stereotyped movements or vocalizations; the defining feature of Tourette’s disorder

59
Q

Translational research

A

Research designed to translate basic scientific discoveries into effective applications (e.g., into clinical treatments)

60
Q

Clinical trials

A

Studies conducted on human subjects to assess the therapeutic efficacy of an untested drug or other treatment

61
Q

Active placebos

A

Control drugs that have no therapeutic effect but produce side effects similar to those produced by the drug under evaluation in a clinical trial

62
Q

Orphan drugs

A

Drugs for which the market is too small for the necessary developmental research to be profitable

63
Q

Translational bottleneck

A

A barrier keeping promising ideas and treatments from becoming the focus of translational research; largely created by the massive cost of such research

PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology (18 decks)

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