Chapter 11 Lecture

Question 1

lipids

Answer 1

• insoluble in water
• can be found in living systems

Question 2

fatty acids

Answer 2

• known as CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
• will always have an EVEN NUMBER of CARBONS
• has around 12-20 CARBONS

Question 3

saturated fatty acids

Answer 3

• only has SINGLE BONDS

Question 4

monounsaturated fatty acids

Answer 4

only has ONE DOUBLE BOND

Question 5

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 5

contain TWO OR MORE double bonds

Question 6

why do saturated fatty acids have HIGHER melting and boiling points?

Answer 6

• tails are packed through LONDON FORCES
• INCREASED CHAIN LENGTH = INCREASED INTERACTION
• more CARBONS - HIGHER BOILING POINT

Question 7

unsaturated fatty acids; why do they have LOWER melting and boiling points?

Answer 7

• due to CIS double bonds
• cannot pack well
• due to this; means that POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS have the LOWEST melting and boiling points

Question 8

what does the length of the hydrocarbon chain do?

Answer 8

• makes fatty acids INSOLUBLE in water

Question 9

fatty acid + strong base(NaOH) =

Answer 9

forms an ANION
- increases its HYDROPHILIC NATURE
- product becomes AMPHIPATHIC

Question 10

omega-3 fatty acids

Answer 10

• named from LAST C on the HYDROCARBON CHAIN: DESIGNATED OMEGA
• 1st double bond is between C3-C4
• INCREASES HDL levels
• LOWERS LDL/triglyceride lvls
• DECREASE BP/HEART DISEASE

Question 11

waxes

Answer 11

• found in forms of ESTERS
• from a FA + long chain alcohol
• serve as PROTECTIVE BARRIERS

Question 12

triglycerides

Answer 12

• created from 3 FA + 1 glycerol (hydrocarbon + alcohol) = ester groups
• GLYCEROL = TRIOL (backbone for fatty acids to attach)

Question 13

fats

Answer 13

have more SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
- melting points - ABOVE ROOM TEMP
- SOLIDS

Question 14

vegetable oils

Answer 14

• has more UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
• melting points BELOW ROOM TEMP
• LIQUIDS

Question 15

triglycerides

Answer 15

• the primary role is to PROVIDE ENERGY
• g per g; provide 2 TIMES more calories vs. carbs and proteins
• stored in ANIMAL ADIPOSE TISSUE

Question 16

important reactions of triglycerides

Answer 16

• CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION (reduction)
• SAPONIFICATION

Question 17

catalytic hydrogenation

Answer 17

• reduction
• alkene + H2/Pt —creation of SOLIDS/ALKANE

Question 18

partial hydrogenation

Answer 18

commonly used to make “spreadable oils’’
- only several ALKENES are converted, not all into solids
- can convert some double bonds to CIS to TRANS

Question 19

saponification

Answer 19

• the HYDROLYSIS of an ESTER in the PRESENCE OF A STRONG BASE
• NaOH - solid soap
• KOH - liquid soap

Question 20

phospholipids and glycoplipids

Answer 20

• the basic structure of CELL MEMBRANES
• a double layer of lipids
• have both hydrophobic & hydrophilic ends

Question 21

phospholipids

Answer 21

• have the PHOSPHATE IONN
• two types:
  1. GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
  2. SPHINGOPHOSPHOLIPIDS

Question 22

glycerophospholipids

Answer 22

considered AMPHIPATHIC

Question 23

sphingopholipids

Answer 23

has fatty acid = sphingosine - phosphate - alcohol

Question 24

glycolipids

Answer 24

• contains SUGAR RESIDUES
• attached to SPHINGOSINE
• determines BLOOD TYPE

Question 25

steroids

Answer 25

- have 2 FUSED 6-MEMBERED RINGS + 1 5MEMBERED RING - called the "steroid ring" - is HYDROPHOBIC 3 types: 1. CHOLESTEROL 2. STEROID HORMONES 3. BILE SALTS

Question 26

cholesterol

Answer 26

- made in the LIVER - transported through the body through LIPOPROTEINS - PRECURSOR to other STEROIDS

Question 27

what are the four major types of lipoproteins?

Answer 27

1. chylomicrons 2. very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) 3. low density lipoproteins (LDLs) 4. high density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Question 28

chylomicrons

Answer 28

mainly carry triglycerides (++)

Question 29

VLDLs very low-density lipoproteins

Answer 29

carry - triglycerides (++) - phospholipids - cholesterol

Question 30

LDLs low-density lipoproteins

Answer 30

- considered BAD CHOLESTEROL - carries cholesterol and phospholipids FROM THE LIVER to the TISSUES - high in cholesterol

Question 31

HDLs high-density lipoproteins

Answer 31

carries cholesterol and phospholipids FROM TISSUES to LIVER - known as a GOOD CHOLESTEROL - high in proteins

Question 32

steroid hormones

Answer 32

known as SEX HORMONES or ADRENOCORTICOID HORMONES - made from cholesterol