Exam Three Flashcards
(30 cards)
numbering prefixes for naming
- meth 1
- eth 2
- prop 3
- but 4
- pent 5
- hex 6
- hept 7
- oct 8
- non 9
- dec 10
alkyl groups
- always attached to the parent chain
numbered from end NEAREST to the FIRST ALKYL GROUP - have the ending of “yl”
- put prefix if there’s more than one attached to different carbon
(methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl
constitutional isomers
- have the same formula but different atomic connections
geometric isomers
- ALKENES can exist as geometric isomers
- cis: same side
- trans: different sides
naming carboxylic acids
- have that -OH group
- “oic” acid ending
preparation of esters
- turns into a carboxylic ion and an alcohol
- example of HYDROLYSIS
heterocyclic amines
- contain at least 1 N in the ring
amides
- produced from the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an amine
- process of HYDROLYSIS
classification of alcohols
classified according to the # of C attached to the C directly attached to the OH
aldehydes & ketones
- ketones (O=C-C-C) “al”
- aldehydes (O=C-H) “one”
- named and numbered from end nearest to CARBONYL GROUP
primary alcohols
- OXIDIZE into ALDEHYDES - then turns into CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
secondary alcohols
OXIDIZE INTO KETONES
benedict’s reagent
- produces a color change
- contains Cu2+
- helps oxidize aldehyde selectively
catalytic hydrogenation
- helps reduce the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones (C=O)
- where hydrogen gas can be added to a double bond in the presence of platinum (Pt)
types of chemical reactions
SYNTHESIS: A+B = C
DECOMPOSITION: AB = A + B
SINGLE REPLACEMENT: A+BC = AC + B
DOUBLE REPLACEMENT: AB+CD = AD+CB
hydration
- water added to a double bond (ALKENE) with prescence of ACID to form an ALCOHOL
dehydration
- the reverse of hydration
ALCOHOL to form an ALKENE
how many atm is a pressure of 760 torr?
1 atm
oxidation & reduction
OXIDATION:
- the loss of electrons
- gaining of oxygen
- losing hydrogen
REDUCTION:
- the gain of electrons
- the loss of oxygen
- gaining hydrogen
*always occur together through REDOX
gas properties
- gases behave similar to their nature
- particles do not interact with one another
- free to move about container
- collide with container walls
pressure
the force of the collisions that take place between gas particles and an object
stp
1 atm - 740 mmHg = 760 torr
mixtures
- contain TWO OR MORE PURE SUBSTANCES
- homogeneous - uniform distribution
- heterogenous - NOT UNIFORM DIST.
classification of biochemical compounds
- HYDROPHILIC: soluble in water (can form H-bonds/resembles water)
- HYDROPHOBIC: insoluble in water (very long hydrocarbon chains)
- AMPHIPATHIC: both
