Chapter 11: Sample Surveys

Question 1

Simple Random Sample (SRS)

Answer 1

Randomly choose individuals out of the entire population

Question 2

Stratified Random Sample

Answer 2

Separate population into groups & randomly choose some individuals from all groups

Question 3

Cluster Random Sample (Homogeneous)

Answer 3

Separate population into groups that share similar characteristics & randomly choose whole groups

Question 4

Systematic Random Sample

Answer 4

Take every nth individual from the population

Question 5

Generalizations

Answer 5

It is only appropriate to make generalizations about a population based on samples that are randomly selected or otherwise representative of that population and were selected from that population specifically

Question 6

Types Of Observational Studies

Answer 6

Retrospective: Examine past or current data for a set of individuals
Prospective: Follow a sample of individuals to the future collecting data
CANNOT MAKE CONCLUSIONS BASED ON OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES

Question 7

Bias

Answer 7

Measure of accuracy; leads to unrepresentative and/or inaccurate estimates

Question 8

Variation/Variability

Answer 8

Measure of precision

Question 9

Census

Answer 9

Measure of all individuals in a population

Question 10

Undercoverage Bias

Answer 10

When part of the population has a reduced chance of being included in a sample; leads to bias

Question 11

Nonresponse Bias

Answer 11

When individuals chosen for a sample don’t respond; leads to bias if these individuals differ from respondents

Question 12

Voluntary Response Bias

Answer 12

Occurs when a sample is composed of volunteers, who may differ from individuals who don’t

Question 13

Question Wording Bias

Answer 13

When survey questions are leading

Question 14

Self-Reported Response Bias

Answer 14

When individuals inaccurately report their own traits

Question 15

Non-Randoming Sampling

Answer 15

Generally leads to systematic overestimation and bias
Ex: Snowball, quota, self-selection, convenience, judgement

Question 16

Multistage Sampling

Answer 16

When different sampling methods are combined

Question 17

Confirmation Bias

Answer 17

How people are or are not convinced by results based upon pre-conceived notions

Question 18

Sampling Frame

Answer 18

List of all members of population that are available to be sampled

Question 19

Parameter

Answer 19

Numerical attribute of population

Question 20

Statistic

Answer 20

Numerical attribute of sample

Question 21

Inference

Answer 21

Drawing a conclusion based on a sample or experiment

Question 22

Margin Of Error

Answer 22

An estimate of how far off we are, AT MOST, in using some sample statistics to estimate a population parameter, if we were to conduct repeated samples/experiments

Question 23

Cluster Random Sample (Heterogeneous)

Answer 23

Separate population into groups that do not share similar characteristics & randomly choose whole groups

Question 24

Convenience Sample

Answer 24

Sample includes individuals that are “convenient” to the researcher

Question 25

Judgement Sample

Answer 25

Sample that is selected using the researcher's knowledge or professional judgement